Comparison of the energetic, environmental, and economic performances of three household-based modern bioenergy utilization systems in China.

The methods of life cycle assessment and cost-effectiveness analysis were employed to compare the energetic, environmental, and economic performances of three household-based modern bioenergy (MBE) utilization systems: biogas utilization (BGs), biomass briquette utilization for energy only (BBs), and biomass briquette utilization for energy and biochar (BCs). The results showed that all the three MBEs performed positive results in net energy output, which ranged from 0.86 to 3.75 MJ (kg crop residues). The positive greenhouse gas reductions also can be acquired when using these three MBEs to substitute for traditional energy, respectively. The cost-effectiveness values of three MBE systems ranged from 343 RMB (tCO) for BGs to 598 RMB (tCO) for BCs (the CO indicates the CO equivalent). Considering the supply index analysis results furtherly, the BGs is regarded as the best strategy for the development of MBE in rural households. However, BG leakage during BG digester operations should be received much greater attention to avoid adverse impacts on GHG mitigation.