Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
Chronic Disease Programme, UFIEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
Anal Chim Acta. 2020 May 1;1109:169-190. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.047. Epub 2020 Jan 24.
Early detection and effective treatment are crucial to reduce the physical, emotional, and financial pressure exerted by growing cancer burden on individuals, families, communities, and health systems. Currently, it is clear that the accurate analysis of emerging cancer epigenetic and metastatic-related biomarkers at different molecular levels is envisaged as an exceptional solution for early and reliable diagnosis and the improvement of therapy efficiency through personalized treatments. Within this field, electrochemical biosensing has demonstrated to be competitive over other emerging and currently used methodologies for the determination of these biomarkers accomplishing the premises of user-friendly, multiplexing ability, simplicity, reduced costs and decentralized analysis, demanded by clinical oncology, thus priming electrochemical biosensors to spark a diagnostic revolution for cancer prediction and eradication. This review article critically discusses the main characteristics, opportunities and versatility exhibited by electrochemical biosensing, through highlighting representative examples published during the last two years, for the reliable determination of these emerging biomarkers, with great diagnostic, predictive and prognostic potential. Special attention is paid on electrochemical affinity biosensors developed for the single or multiplexed determination of methylation events, non-coding RNAs, ctDNA features and metastasis-related protein biomarkers both in liquid and solid biopsies of cancer patients. The main challenges to which further work must be addressed and the impact of these advances should have in the clinical acceptance of these emerging biomarkers are also discussed which decisively will contribute to understand the molecular basis involved in the epigenetics and metastasis of cancer and to apply more efficient personalized therapies.
早期发现和有效治疗对于减轻癌症负担给个人、家庭、社区和医疗系统带来的身体、情感和经济压力至关重要。目前，很明显，在不同的分子水平上对新兴的癌症表观遗传和转移相关生物标志物进行准确分析，被视为早期可靠诊断和通过个性化治疗提高治疗效率的绝佳解决方案。在这个领域中，电化学生物传感已被证明优于其他新兴的和当前使用的方法，用于测定这些生物标志物，从而实现了临床肿瘤学所要求的用户友好、多重能力、简单、降低成本和分散分析的前提，因此电化学生物传感器有望引发癌症预测和消除的诊断革命。
本文通过突出展示过去两年发表的有代表性的例子，批判性地讨论了电化学生物传感的主要特点、机会和多功能性，用于可靠地测定这些新兴的生物标志物，这些生物标志物具有很大的诊断、预测和预后潜力。特别关注了用于单个或多重测定甲基化事件、非编码 RNA、ctDNA 特征和癌症患者液体和固体活检中与转移相关的蛋白质生物标志物的电化学亲和生物传感器的开发。还讨论了进一步工作必须解决的主要挑战以及这些进展对这些新兴生物标志物在临床接受度方面的影响，这将有助于了解癌症表观遗传学和转移的分子基础，并应用更有效的个性化治疗。
