Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (RUG-UMCG), Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
Food Funct. 2020 Apr 30;11(4):3506-3515. doi: 10.1039/d0fo00064g.
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) have been reported to modulate the function of intestinal goblet cells and to improve mucus barrier function. However, GOS is available in many structurally different compositions and it is unknown how GOS structural diversity impacts this modulation of goblet cells. This study aims to investigate the effects of oligosaccharide content and glycosidic linkages of GOS on expression of genes associated with the secretory function of goblet cells. To investigate the effect of oligosaccharide content, LS174T cells were incubated with (β1 → 4)GOS of variable transgalactosylated oligosaccharides and lactose (Lac) composition. To investigate the effect of glycosidic linkages, we compared the effects of (β1 → 4)GOS with (β1 → 3)GOS, and with a mixture of α-linked oligosaccharides (lactose-derived oligosaccharides-LDO). The changes in mRNA expression of mucus-related genes were assessed by RT-PCR. GOS containing Lac significantly enhanced the expression of MUC2, TFF3 and RETNLB but not of Golgi sulfotransferases genes. In contrast, GOS without Lac did not impact these genes. Lac alone significantly enhanced MUC2, TFF3, RETNLB, CHST5, and GAL3ST2 genes suggesting that Lac might be responsible for goblet cell modulation in (β1 → 4)GOS preparations. (β1 → 3)GOS induced the expression of MUC2 and TFF3, and downregulated the RETNLB gene. Compared with the (β1 → 3) and GOS (β1 → 4)GOS, the α-linked LDO significantly upregulated the expression MUC2, TFF3, RETNLB and the Golgi sulfotransferases genes. We identify structural features of GOS that contribute to enhanced mucus integrity. Our study might lead to better GOS formulations for foods to prevent or treat different types of intestinal disorders.
半乳糖寡糖（GOS）已被报道可调节肠道杯状细胞的功能并改善粘液屏障功能。然而，GOS 有许多结构不同的组成，尚不清楚 GOS 结构多样性如何影响杯状细胞的这种调节。本研究旨在研究 GOS 中寡糖含量和糖苷键对与杯状细胞分泌功能相关基因表达的影响。为了研究寡糖含量的影响，用具有不同转半乳糖寡糖和乳糖（Lac）组成的（β1→4）GOS 孵育 LS174T 细胞。为了研究糖苷键的影响，我们比较了（β1→4）GOS 与（β1→3）GOS 以及α-连接寡糖（乳糖衍生寡糖-LDO）混合物的影响。通过 RT-PCR 评估粘液相关基因的 mRNA 表达变化。含有 Lac 的 GOS 显著增强了 MUC2、TFF3 和 RETNLB 的表达，但对高尔基体硫转移酶基因没有影响。相比之下，不含 Lac 的 GOS 对这些基因没有影响。Lac 本身显著增强了 MUC2、TFF3、RETNLB、CHST5 和 GAL3ST2 基因的表达，表明 Lac 可能是（β1→4）GOS 制剂中调节杯状细胞的原因。（β1→3）GOS 诱导了 MUC2 和 TFF3 的表达，并下调了 RETNLB 基因。与（β1→3）和 GOS（β1→4）GOS 相比，α-连接的 LDO 显著上调了 MUC2、TFF3、RETNLB 和高尔基体硫转移酶基因的表达。我们确定了 GOS 的结构特征，这些特征有助于增强粘液完整性。我们的研究可能会导致更好的 GOS 配方用于预防或治疗不同类型的肠道疾病。
