Drinkwater Kenneth G, Denovan Andrew, Dagnall Neil
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Front Psychol. 2020 Mar 18;11:471. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00471. eCollection 2020.
Focusing on lucid dreaming, this paper examined relationships between dissociated experiences related to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (lucid dreaming, nightmares, and sleep paralysis), reality testing, and paranormal experiences/beliefs. The study comprised a UK-based online sample of 455 respondents (110 males, 345 females, = 34.46 years, = 15.70), who had all previously experienced lucid dreaming. Respondents completed established self-report measures assessing control within lucid dreaming, experience and frequency of nightmares, incidence of sleep paralysis, proneness to reality testing deficits (Inventory of Personality Organization subscale, IPO-RT), subjective experience of receptive psi and life after death (paranormal experience), and paranormal belief. Analysis comprised tests of correlational and predictive relationships between sleep-related outcomes, IPO-RT scores, and paranormal measures. Significant positive correlations between sleep and paranormal measures were weak. Paranormal measures related differentially to sleep indices. Paranormal experience correlated with lucid dreaming, nightmares, and sleep paralysis, whereas paranormal belief related only to nightmares and sleep paralysis. IPO-RT correlated positively with all paranormal and sleep-related measures. Within the IPO-RT, the Auditory and Visual Hallucinations sub-factor demonstrated the strongest positive associations with sleep measures. Structural equation modeling indicated that Auditory and Visual Hallucinations significantly positively predicted dissociated experiences related to REM sleep, while paranormal experience did not. However, paranormal experience was a significant predictor when analysis controlled for Auditory and Visual Hallucinations. The moderate positive association between these variables explained this effect. Findings indicated that self-generated, productive cognitive-processes (as encompassed by Auditory and Visual Hallucinations) played a significant role in conscious control and awareness of lucid dreaming, and related dissociative sleep states (sleep paralysis and nightmares).
本文聚焦于清醒梦，研究了与快速眼动（REM）睡眠相关的解离体验（清醒梦、噩梦和睡眠瘫痪）、现实检验以及超自然体验/信念之间的关系。该研究采用了一个基于英国的在线样本，共有455名受访者（110名男性，345名女性，平均年龄 = 34.46岁，标准差 = 15.70），他们都曾有过清醒梦的经历。受访者完成了既定的自我报告测量，以评估清醒梦中的控制能力、噩梦的体验和频率、睡眠瘫痪的发生率、现实检验缺陷倾向（人格组织量表子量表，IPO - RT）、接受性超感官知觉和死后生活的主观体验（超自然体验）以及超自然信念。分析包括对睡眠相关结果、IPO - RT分数和超自然测量之间的相关关系和预测关系的测试。睡眠和超自然测量之间的显著正相关较弱。超自然测量与睡眠指标的关系存在差异。超自然体验与清醒梦、噩梦和睡眠瘫痪相关，而超自然信念仅与噩梦和睡眠瘫痪相关。IPO - RT与所有超自然和睡眠相关测量呈正相关。在IPO - RT中，听觉和视觉幻觉子因素与睡眠测量显示出最强的正相关。结构方程模型表明，听觉和视觉幻觉显著正向预测与REM睡眠相关的解离体验，而超自然体验则不然。然而，当分析控制了听觉和视觉幻觉时，超自然体验是一个显著的预测因素。这些变量之间的适度正相关解释了这种效应。研究结果表明，自我产生的、富有成效的认知过程（如听觉和视觉幻觉所涵盖的）在清醒梦的意识控制和意识以及相关的解离睡眠状态（睡眠瘫痪和噩梦）中发挥了重要作用。
