Tian Fei, Lee Sang Yoo, Woo So Young, Chun Hyang Sook
Food Toxicology Laboratory, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BK21 Plus, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea.
Front Microbiol. 2020 Mar 17;11:419. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00419. eCollection 2020.
Aflatoxins are among the most hazardous natural cereal contaminants. These mycotoxins are produced by spp. as polyketide secondary metabolites. Aflatoxigenic fungi including express the alternative oxidase (AOX), which introduces a branch in the cytochrome-based electron transfer chain by coupling ubiquinol oxidation directly with the reduction of O to HO. AOX is closely associated with fungal pathogenesis, morphogenesis, stress signaling, and drug resistance and, as recently reported, affects the production of mycotoxins such as sterigmatocystin, the penultimate intermediate in aflatoxin B biosynthesis. Thus, AOX might be considered a target for controlling the propagation of and aflatoxin contamination by . Hence, this review summarizes the current understanding of fungal AOX and the alternative respiration pathway and the development and potential applications of AOX inhibitors. This review indicates that AOX inhibitors, either alone or in combination with current antifungal agents, are potentially applicable for developing novel, effective antifungal strategies. However, considering the conservation of AOX in fungal and plant cells, a deeper understanding of fungal alternative respiration and fungal AOX structure is needed, along with effective fungal-specific AOX inhibitors.
黄曲霉毒素是最具危害性的天然谷物污染物之一。这些霉菌毒素是由 属物种作为聚酮类次级代谢产物产生的。包括 在内的产黄曲霉毒素真菌表达交替氧化酶（AOX），该酶通过将泛醇氧化直接与 O 还原为 HO 偶联，在基于细胞色素的电子传递链中引入一个分支。AOX 与真菌的致病性、形态发生、应激信号传导和耐药性密切相关，并且如最近报道的那样，影响诸如柄曲霉素等霉菌毒素的产生，柄曲霉素是黄曲霉毒素 B 生物合成中的倒数第二个中间体。因此，AOX 可能被视为控制 的传播和黄曲霉毒素污染的一个靶点。因此，本综述总结了目前对真菌 AOX 和交替呼吸途径的理解以及 AOX 抑制剂的开发和潜在应用。本综述表明，AOX 抑制剂单独或与当前抗真菌剂联合使用，有可能用于开发新型、有效的抗真菌策略。然而，考虑到 AOX 在真菌和植物细胞中的保守性，需要更深入地了解真菌交替呼吸和真菌 AOX 结构，以及有效的真菌特异性 AOX 抑制剂。
