Nicklas Theresa A, O'Neil Carol E, Fulgoni Victor L
USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, USA.
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center (Emeritus), 143 Kenilworth Parkway, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
AIMS Public Health. 2020 Mar 4;7(1):123-147. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2020012. eCollection 2020.
Understanding which foods are introduced in the diet and when provides valuable information on complementary feeding. Fortified baby rice cereal is the most common first solid food given to infants, often followed by other baby cereals. The objective of this study was to examine food patterns among infants and toddlers consuming rice or non-rice baby cereals versus non-consumers.
NHANES 2001-2014 data were used to assess dietary intake, nutrient adequacy, and food specific patterns of infants and toddlers. Groups were: baby cereal non-consumers (n = 3,910), non-rice baby cereal consumers (n = 711), and rice baby cereal consumers (n = 966). Those consuming both non-rice cereal and rice cereal were included in the rice cereal group (n = 9, 48, 61, and 10 for those 0-3, 4-6, 7-11, and 12-23 mos, respectively). Least-square means ± SEs were determined for nutrient intake and food group consumption by using covariate controlled regression analyses (p < 0.01).
Baby cereal consumer groups, compared to non-consumers, had higher intakes of carbohydrates, iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and vitamin E, with lower percentage having intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement for iron, calcium, and vitamin E. Infants 0-3 mos and 4-6 mos in both baby cereal consumption groups consumed other solid foods, including baby foods and beverages, sweetened beverages, coffee and tea, 100% juice, vegetables (excluding potatoes), fruit, sugars, milk and yogurt, and mixed dishes. The baby cereal consumers and non-consumers groups had intakes aligned with the "American diet". Baby cereal non-consumers had a significantly higher percentage of exclusively breast fed at ages 0-3 mos and a lower percentage formula fed.
This study provides detailed information on the introduction of baby cereals which was associated with better nutrient intakes and other complementary foods and intakes of nutrients that require special attention during early life. Further, cow's milk products and solid foods were introduced prior to the American Academy of Pediatrics' age recommendations.
了解饮食中引入了哪些食物以及何时引入，可为辅食添加提供有价值的信息。强化婴儿米粉是给婴儿喂食的最常见的第一种固体食物，之后通常会添加其他婴儿谷物食品。本研究的目的是调查食用米粉或非米粉婴儿谷物食品的婴幼儿与不食用者之间的食物模式。
使用2001 - 2014年美国国家健康与营养检查调查（NHANES）的数据来评估婴幼儿的饮食摄入量、营养充足情况和特定食物模式。分组如下：不食用婴儿谷物食品组（n = 3910）、食用非米粉婴儿谷物食品组（n = 711）和食用米粉婴儿谷物食品组（n = 966）。同时食用非米粉谷物食品和米粉谷物食品的婴幼儿被纳入米粉谷物食品组（0 - 3个月、4 - 6个月、7 - 11个月和12 - 23个月的婴幼儿分别有9例、48例、61例和10例）。通过协变量控制回归分析确定营养素摄入量和食物组消费量的最小二乘均值±标准误（p < 0.01）。
与不食用者相比，食用婴儿谷物食品组的碳水化合物、铁、钙、镁、锌和维生素E摄入量更高，铁、钙和维生素E摄入量低于估计平均需求量的比例更低。两个食用婴儿谷物食品组中0 - 3个月和4 - 6个月的婴儿还食用其他固体食物，包括婴儿食品和饮料、甜味饮料、咖啡和茶、100%果汁、蔬菜（不包括土豆）、水果、糖、牛奶和酸奶以及混合菜肴。食用婴儿谷物食品组和不食用者组的摄入量与“美国饮食”一致。不食用婴儿谷物食品组在0 - 3个月时纯母乳喂养的比例显著更高，而配方奶喂养的比例更低。
本研究提供了关于婴儿谷物食品引入的详细信息，这与更好的营养素摄入量以及其他辅食相关，还涉及生命早期需要特别关注的营养素摄入量。此外，牛奶制品和固体食物的引入早于美国儿科学会的年龄建议。
