Otero T F, Martinez J G
Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Intelligent Materials and Devices, Campus Alfonso XIII, 30203, Cartagena, Spain.
J Mater Chem B. 2016 Mar 28;4(12):2069-2085. doi: 10.1039/c6tb00060f. Epub 2016 Mar 7.
Conjugated conducting polymers, intrinsic conducting polymers or conducting polymers are complex and mixed materials; their electroactive fractions follow reversible oxidation/reduction reactions giving reversible volume variations to lodge or expel charge-balance counterions and osmotic-balance solvent molecules. The material content (reactive macromolecules, ions and water) mimics the dense intracellular matrix gel of living cells. Here the electropolymerization mechanism is reviewed highlighting the presence of parallel reactions resulting in electroactive and non-electroactive fractions of the final material. Conducting polymers are classified into nine different material families. Each of those families follows a prevalent reaction-driven exchange of anions or cations during oxidation/reduction (p-doping/p-dedoping or n-doping/n-dedoping). Polyaniline families also follow reaction-driven exchange of protons. The polymer/counterion composition changes for several orders of magnitude in a reversible way with the reversible reaction. The value of each of the different composition-dependent properties of the material also shifts in a reversible way driven by the reaction. Each property mimics another change in functional biological organs. A family of biomimetic devices is being developed based on each biomimetic property. Those electrochemical devices work driven by reactions of the constitutive material, as biological organs do. The simultaneous variation of several composition-dependent properties during the reaction announces an unparalleled technological world of multifunctional devices: several tools working simultaneously in one device. Such properties and devices are driven by electrochemical reactions: they are Faradaic devices and must be characterized by using electrochemical cells and electro-chemical methodologies.
共轭导电聚合物、本征导电聚合物或导电聚合物是复杂的混合材料；它们的电活性部分遵循可逆的氧化/还原反应，产生可逆的体积变化，以容纳或排出电荷平衡抗衡离子和渗透平衡溶剂分子。材料成分（反应性大分子、离子和水）模拟活细胞致密的细胞内基质凝胶。本文综述了电聚合机理，强调了平行反应的存在，这些反应导致最终材料产生电活性和非电活性部分。导电聚合物分为九个不同的材料家族。每个家族在氧化/还原过程中（p型掺杂/p型去掺杂或n型掺杂/n型去掺杂）都遵循由反应驱动的阴离子或阳离子的交换。聚苯胺家族还遵循由反应驱动的质子交换。聚合物/抗衡离子组成随可逆反应以几个数量级的方式可逆变化。材料的每个不同的组成相关性质的值也在反应的驱动下以可逆的方式变化。每个性质都模拟功能性生物器官中的另一种变化。基于每种仿生性质正在开发一系列仿生器件。那些电化学器件像生物器官一样，由组成材料的反应驱动工作。反应过程中几种组成相关性质的同时变化预示着一个多功能器件的无与伦比的技术世界：几种工具在一个器件中同时工作。这些性质和器件由电化学反应驱动：它们是法拉第器件，必须使用电化学电池和电化学方法进行表征。
