KRAS信号富集的三阴性乳腺癌与良好的肿瘤免疫微环境及更好的生存率相关。
KRAS signaling enriched triple negative breast cancer is associated with favorable tumor immune microenvironment and better survival.
作者信息
Tokumaru Yoshihisa, Oshi Masanori, Katsuta Eriko, Yan Li, Satyananda Vikas, Matsuhashi Nobuhisa, Futamura Manabu, Akao Yukihiro, Yoshida Kazuhiro, Takabe Kazuaki
机构信息
Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
出版信息
Am J Cancer Res. 2020 Mar 1;10(3):897-907. eCollection 2020.
KRAS signaling is associated with cancer progression in several cancers. Upregulation of KRAS signaling is often seen in cancers that harbor high KRAS mutation rate, such as pancreatic cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Less than 2% of breast cancers have KRAS mutation, however, the alteration of the effector signaling such as PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways are well known. Mutated KRAS is known to function as immune suppressor in other cancers, but the role of KRAS signaling on tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in breast cancer is not known. We hypothesize that the enrichment of KRAS signaling is associated with reduced patient survival as well as TIME in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Patient cohorts from Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC; n = 1903) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA; n = 982) were used. Higher expression of KRAS in breast cancer cell-lines (MCF7, BT474, and MDA-MB231) compared to MCF10A, which is a model of benign mammary cells was found. Both MEK and PI3K inhibitors suppressed MB231 cell proliferation in dose dependent manner. Gene Set Variant Analysis (GSVA) of the patient cohorts demonstrated two peaks by KRAS_SIGNALING_UP gene sets which were divided into KRAS-high and -low groups using median cutoff. There was no difference in KRAS mutation between KRAS-high and low. Despite its cell proliferation promoting role, KRAS-high patients demonstrated significantly better Disease-Free Survival and Overall Survival in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). KRAS-high TNBC was associated with favorable tumor immune microenvironment with elevated B cells and CD8 T cells, monocytes, or M1 macrophage. It was associated with decreased CD4 central memory T-cells, but not Regulatory T-cells, or M2 macrophage detected by xCell. To elucidate the mechanism of this association, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was performed. Inflammatory response, IL6/JAK-STAT3 signaling, and Interferon gamma response gene sets were enriched in KRAS-high TNBC patients in both METABRIC and TCGA cohorts. In agreement, cytolytic activity score, interferon gamma response score, and lymphocyte infiltrating signature score, were all significantly elevated in KRAS-high TNBC. In conclusion, we found that patients with enrichment of KRAS signaling gene sets were associated with inflammation and favorable tumor immune microenvironment as well as improved survival in TNBC.
KRAS信号传导与多种癌症的进展相关。在具有高KRAS突变率的癌症中,如胰腺癌和非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC),常可见KRAS信号传导上调。不到2%的乳腺癌有KRAS突变,然而,效应器信号传导的改变,如PI3K/AKT和MAPK途径是众所周知的。已知突变的KRAS在其他癌症中起免疫抑制作用,但KRAS信号传导在乳腺癌肿瘤免疫微环境(TIME)中的作用尚不清楚。我们假设KRAS信号传导的富集与三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)患者生存率降低以及TIME相关。使用了来自国际乳腺癌分子分类联盟(METABRIC;n = 1903)和癌症基因组图谱(TCGA;n = 982)的患者队列。与作为良性乳腺细胞模型的MCF10A相比,发现乳腺癌细胞系(MCF7、BT474和MDA-MB231)中KRAS表达更高。MEK和PI3K抑制剂均以剂量依赖性方式抑制MB231细胞增殖。对患者队列进行基因集变异分析(GSVA),KRAS_SIGNALING_UP基因集显示出两个峰值,使用中位数截断值将其分为KRAS高表达组和低表达组。KRAS高表达组和低表达组之间的KRAS突变无差异。尽管KRAS具有促进细胞增殖的作用,但KRAS高表达的三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)患者表现出显著更好的无病生存期和总生存期。KRAS高表达的TNBC与良好的肿瘤免疫微环境相关,B细胞、CD8 T细胞、单核细胞或M1巨噬细胞增多。它与CD4中央记忆T细胞减少有关,但与调节性T细胞或通过xCell检测到的M2巨噬细胞无关。为了阐明这种关联的机制,进行了基因集富集分析。在METABRIC和TCGA队列中,KRAS高表达的TNBC患者中炎症反应、IL6/JAK-STAT3信号传导和干扰素γ反应基因集均富集。与此一致,KRAS高表达的TNBC中细胞溶解活性评分、干扰素γ反应评分和淋巴细胞浸润特征评分均显著升高。总之,我们发现KRAS信号传导基因集富集的患者与炎症、良好的肿瘤免疫微环境以及TNBC患者生存率提高相关。
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