Lier L
Institute of General Practice, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1988;344:31-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10859.x.
The development of interactive patterns in the first year of life has been studied in healthy mother--baby pairs and in infants whose mothers have psychiatric or psycho-social problems which interfere with their contact with the child. During the first 2-3 months a relationship develops in healthy mother--baby pairs characterized by an intimate interchange of signals and responses between mother and infant. The baby's inborn capacity of imitation and regulation of visual/auditive stimulation gradually is patterned and supported by the mother's empathetic response. 2-3 months old the baby has developed a basic pattern of social relating. This development is not seen if the mother cannot adapt to and support the baby's signals. In cases with simple social privation the baby seems not to "know" how to use social contact. In cases with active failure in the mother's response a pattern of emotional withdrawal develops where the baby avoids eye contact, does not engage in vocal dialogue and is easily upset when offered social contact. During the next months motor development enables the baby to reach out for things in the outer world: rattles, mother's face, own feet etc. A beginning sense of self and not-self develops. The baby expects the mother to guess and fulfil it's wishes and still the mother adapts to and supports the baby's expanding capacities and needs. In contrast the baby with a non-adapting mother may, or may not show a normal interest in reaching out for inanimate things. But the social withdrawal hinders the infant in reaching out for the mother's face and body. A limited interest in handling, mouthing and examining objects is often seen, lending the baby's activities an avital and stereotype quality. The baby does not expect the mother to guess and fulfil it's wishes. It's experience with self and not-self is narrowed and deprived of the rich and varied social interaction of the healthy mother--baby pairs. At 10-12 months the infants are able to move around trying to handle and examine everything within their range. At this age healthy infants are able to sense that there exist other wills and minds than their own. The mother can encourage or stop the child by verbal and body signals. The child may compromise or protest and you will sense it's personality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
研究人员对健康母婴对以及母亲患有精神或心理社会问题、影响其与孩子接触的婴儿在生命第一年互动模式的发展情况进行了研究。在最初的2至3个月里，健康母婴对之间会发展出一种关系，其特点是母婴之间亲密地交换信号和反应。婴儿天生的模仿能力以及对视觉/听觉刺激的调节能力会逐渐形成模式，并得到母亲共情反应的支持。到2至3个月大时，婴儿已发展出一种基本的社交关系模式。如果母亲无法适应并回应婴儿的信号，这种发展就不会出现。在简单的社会剥夺情况下，婴儿似乎不“知道”如何利用社会接触。在母亲回应积极失败的情况下，会形成一种情感退缩模式，婴儿会避免眼神接触，不参与有声对话，在有社会接触时很容易不安。在接下来的几个月里，运动发育使婴儿能够伸手去够外部世界的东西：拨浪鼓、母亲的脸、自己的脚等。自我与非自我的初步意识开始发展。婴儿期望母亲猜出并满足其愿望，而母亲仍然会适应并支持婴儿不断扩展的能力和需求。相比之下，母亲不适应的婴儿可能会，也可能不会对伸手去够无生命的东西表现出正常兴趣。但社交退缩阻碍婴儿伸手去够母亲的脸和身体。经常可以看到婴儿对操作、咬和检查物体的兴趣有限，这使得婴儿的活动具有无活力和刻板的特点。婴儿不期望母亲猜出并满足其愿望。其自我与非自我的体验变得狭隘，且缺乏健康母婴对之间丰富多样的社会互动。10至12个月大时，婴儿能够四处活动，试图操作和检查其范围内的一切。在这个年龄，健康的婴儿能够感觉到除了自己之外还存在其他意志和思想。母亲可以通过言语和身体信号鼓励或阻止孩子。孩子可能会妥协或抗议，你能感觉到其个性。（摘要截选至250字）
