Holmström R, Koivisto R L, Niemi P
Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1988;343:1-109.
The present study forms a part of a thirteen-year longitudinal study of mental health and examines how university-educated men and women have adapted to an average environment. In basic cross-tabulations, 63 out of the total 356 psychological and sociological characteristics proved to be differently distributed for men and women. On the other hand, there were no quantitative differences in global mental health-illness indicators between the sexes. Fifteen central personality characteristics indicating good adaptation were kept constant. Different scales for men and women were needed for adjustment measures such as: "social position", "level of university degree", "ego strength", "control of anger", "general ability", "norm-dependence". On the contrary, "satisfaction with occupation", "self-actualization in love", "having children", "quality of social background" were distributed identically. Consequently, keeping these indicators constant did not decrease sex-differences. Hartmann's concept of adaptation to average environment proved to be rather difficult to apply in practice. Differences in how men and women adapted in Finnish society were examined in detail. The general adjustment was rather successful but there were signs indicating that the women's adaptation was less successful.
本研究是一项为期13年的心理健康纵向研究的一部分，考察了受过大学教育的男性和女性如何适应一般环境。在基本的交叉表中，356项心理和社会学特征中的63项在男性和女性中的分布被证明存在差异。另一方面，两性在整体心理健康-疾病指标上没有数量差异。表明良好适应的15项核心人格特征保持不变。在诸如“社会地位”“大学学位水平”“自我力量”“愤怒控制”“一般能力”“规范依赖”等调整措施方面，需要为男性和女性制定不同的量表。相反，“职业满意度”“爱情中的自我实现”“生育子女”“社会背景质量”的分布是相同的。因此，保持这些指标不变并没有减少性别差异。事实证明，哈特曼关于适应一般环境的概念在实践中相当难以应用。详细考察了芬兰社会中男性和女性适应方式的差异。总体调整相当成功，但有迹象表明女性的适应不太成功。
