Shafiq Farah, Haider Sonia Ijaz, Ijaz Shamaila
Lahore Institute of Special Care and Attention (LISCA-Private Clinic), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Department for Educational Development, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2020 Mar 30;13:313-318. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S245154. eCollection 2020.
Orphanhood is a time which involves many psychological and emotional problems. Lack of self-determination and inability to take decision puts orphans at risk of anxiety. In Pakistan, there is minimal evidence which explores the relationship between anxiety, depression, stress, and decision-making among orphans. The aim of the study is to explore the relationship between anxiety, depression, stress, and decision-making among orphans and non-orphans adolescents.
The sample size consisted of 150 orphans and 150 non-orphans adolescents (=300). The data were collected from different orphanages and schools located in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. The instruments used were Depression, Anxiety & Stress Scales (DASS) and the Adolescent Decision Making Questionnaire (ADMQ). Descriptive statistics was used to determine the mean, standard deviations, and range. Pearson product moment was used to determine the correlation. The independent test was performed to determine gender differences, and simple regression analysis was used to predict the effect of social interaction anxiety.
The correlation matrix for decision making, stress, anxiety, depression and DASS indicated that decision making has significant correlation with stress (= 0.30, <0.01), anxiety (=0.27, <0.01) and depression (= 0.15*, <0.05). Independent test revealed significant gender differences between orphan and non-orphans (M=9.45, SD=5.06) (M=8.03, SD=3.61) t(217)=2.48 p=0.01 <0.05. Simple regression analysis indicated that anxiety is a significant predictor of decision making 0.276, 17.90, <0.001.
The study has implications. First, there is a need to raise awareness at governmental and non-governmental institutions towards finding therapeutic programs for orphans. Second, screening for depression and mental and psychological care should be integrated into routine health care provided to orphans. Third, there should be furnishing of life skills training for orphans such as stress management, coping skills, problem-solving, and decision-making skills.
成为孤儿的时期会涉及许多心理和情感问题。缺乏自主决定权以及无法做出决策使孤儿面临焦虑风险。在巴基斯坦，几乎没有证据探究孤儿中焦虑、抑郁、压力与决策之间的关系。本研究的目的是探究孤儿和非孤儿青少年中焦虑、抑郁、压力与决策之间的关系。
样本量包括150名孤儿和150名非孤儿青少年（=300）。数据收集自巴基斯坦拉合尔市的不同孤儿院和学校。所使用的工具为抑郁、焦虑和压力量表（DASS）以及青少年决策问卷（ADMQ）。描述性统计用于确定均值、标准差和范围。皮尔逊积差相关用于确定相关性。进行独立t检验以确定性别差异，并使用简单回归分析来预测社交互动焦虑的影响。
决策、压力、焦虑、抑郁和DASS的相关矩阵表明，决策与压力（=0.30，p<0.01）、焦虑（=0.27，p<0.01）和抑郁（=0.15*，p<0.05）有显著相关性。独立t检验显示孤儿和非孤儿之间存在显著性别差异（M=9.45，SD=5.06）（M=8.03，SD=3.61）t(217)=2.48，p=0.01，p<0.05。简单回归分析表明焦虑是决策的显著预测因素（β=0.276，t=17.90，p<0.001）。
该研究具有启示意义。首先，政府和非政府机构需要提高对为孤儿寻找治疗项目的认识。其次，应将抑郁筛查以及心理和精神护理纳入为孤儿提供的常规医疗保健中。第三，应为孤儿提供生活技能培训，如压力管理、应对技巧、问题解决和决策技能。
