Department of Family Medicine, Research Institute on Healthy Aging, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, South Korea.
Eur Geriatr Med. 2020 Apr;11(2):269-277. doi: 10.1007/s41999-019-00271-4. Epub 2019 Dec 3.
Smoking and alcohol intake are major causes of negative health outcomes and may be co-inherited traits. However, little is known about the association of frailty with smoking and alcohol intake in older adults.
Community-dwelling older men (N = 1426) aged 70-84 years were divided into four groups: 1) non-smoking (< 100 cigarettes in life-time) and non-alcohol intake (< one time/month); 2) smoking (≥ 100 cigarettes) and alcohol intake (≥ one time/month); 3) non-smoking with alcohol intake; and 4) smoking and no alcohol intake. Frailty was assessed with a modified version of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) frailty index, the Korean version of the Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illness, and Loss of Weight (KFRAIL) index, the Korean Frailty Index (KFI), and the Study of Osteoporotic Fracture (SOF) frailty index. Frailty risks were estimated with multiple logistic regression models after adjusting for age, income, education, residence, marital status, hospitalization, physical activity, comorbidities, and levels of vitamin B, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase.
Frailty differed according to smoking and alcohol status. Frailty in the smoking and non-alcohol-intake group was significantly higher according to the CHS frailty index (Odds ratio = 1.592; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.032-2.455), KFRAIL (CI 1.613, 1.037-2.509), and KFI (CI 1.869, 1.115-3.131) compared with the non-smoking and alcohol-intake group. However, there was no increased frailty risk in the other study groups.
Frailty prevalence differed depending on smoking status and alcohol intake in older Korean men. Therefore, we should adopt a comprehensive approach to understanding frailty in older adults that considers both smoking and alcohol intake.
吸烟和饮酒是导致负面健康结果的主要原因，并且可能是共同遗传的特征。然而，对于虚弱与老年人吸烟和饮酒之间的关联知之甚少。
将年龄在 70-84 岁的 1426 名社区居住的老年男性分为四组：1）不吸烟（一生中吸烟量<100 支）且不饮酒（每月饮酒次数<1 次）；2）吸烟（≥100 支）且饮酒（每月饮酒次数≥1 次）；3）不吸烟但饮酒；4）吸烟但不饮酒。使用心血管健康研究（CHS）虚弱指数的改良版本、疲劳、抵抗力、活动能力、疾病和体重减轻（KFRAIL）韩国版、韩国虚弱指数（KFI）和骨质疏松性骨折研究（SOF）虚弱指数评估虚弱。在调整年龄、收入、教育、居住地、婚姻状况、住院、身体活动、合并症以及维生素 B、天冬氨酸转氨酶和γ-谷氨酰转移酶水平后，使用多因素逻辑回归模型估计虚弱风险。
根据吸烟和饮酒状况，虚弱状况有所不同。根据 CHS 虚弱指数（优势比 [OR] = 1.592；95%置信区间 [CI] 1.032-2.455）、KFRAIL（CI 1.613，1.037-2.509）和 KFI（CI 1.869，1.115-3.131），与吸烟和非饮酒组相比，吸烟且不饮酒组的虚弱程度明显更高。然而，在其他研究组中，虚弱风险没有增加。
在韩国老年男性中，虚弱的流行程度因吸烟状况和饮酒量而异。因此，我们应该采取综合方法来了解老年人的虚弱程度，同时考虑吸烟和饮酒。
