Observation of the Low-Frequency Spectrum of the Water Trimer as a Sensitive Test of the Water-Trimer Potential and the Dipole-Moment Surface.

Intermolecular interactions in bulk water are dominated by pairwise and non-pairwise cooperative interactions. While accurate descriptions of the pairwise interactions are available and can be tested by precise low-frequency spectra of the water dimer up to 550 cm , the same does not hold for the three-body interactions. Here, we report the first comprehensive spectrum of the water trimer in the frequency region from 70 to 620 cm using helium-nanodroplet isolation and free-electron lasers. By comparison to accompanying high-level quantum calculations, the experimentally observed intermolecular bands can be assigned. The transition frequencies of the degenerate translation, the degenerate in-plane and the non-degenerate out-of-plane libration, as well as additional bands of the out-of-plane librational mode are reported for the first time. These provide a benchmark for state-of-the-art water potentials and dipole-moment surfaces, especially with respect to three-body interactions.