Duke University Marine Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, United States of America.
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2020 Apr 23;15(4):e0231575. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231575. eCollection 2020.
Harvesting has received most theoretical, empirical, and policy attention towards understanding common-pool resource dilemmas. Yet, pre-harvesting and post-harvesting activities influence harvesting outcomes as well. Broadening the analytical focus beyond harvesting is needed to imagine new ways of theorizing and governing the commons. Fishing-which is synonymous with harvesting-is a case in point. We contribute to a beyond-harvesting research agenda by incorporating concepts from common-pool resources theory that have not received enough attention in the literature. We compare two ubiquitous self-organizing strategies (i.e., fishing cooperatives and patron-client relationships) fishers use to access means of production and analyze their effects on the distribution of benefits resulting from harvesting. We use rarely available longitudinal data of monetary loans to fishers in Mexican small-scale fisheries and find that cooperatives can deliver broader distribution of benefits than patron-client relationships. Our study highlights the importance of historically and contextually situating analyses linking the effects of pre-harvesting processes on harvesting outcomes, and the benefits of broadening the scope of inquiry beyond a narrow policy attention on harvesting to move towards a fuller understanding of commons dilemmas.
收获在理解共有资源困境方面受到了最多的理论、经验和政策关注。然而，收获前和收获后的活动也会影响收获的结果。为了想象出一种新的共有资源理论和治理方式，有必要将分析重点从收获扩大到其他方面。捕鱼——与收获同义——就是一个很好的例子。我们通过纳入共同资源理论中尚未受到文献足够重视的概念，为超越收获的研究议程做出了贡献。我们比较了渔民用来获取生产资料的两种普遍存在的自组织策略（即渔业合作社和主顾关系），并分析了它们对捕鱼收获所产生的利益分配的影响。我们利用墨西哥小规模渔业中渔民很少有的纵向货币贷款数据，发现合作社比主顾关系更能带来利益的广泛分配。我们的研究强调了将与收获结果相关的收获前过程的影响进行历史和背景分析的重要性，以及将研究范围从对收获的狭隘政策关注扩大到对共有资源困境的更全面理解的重要性。
