Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351, Bialystok, Poland.
Bialystok University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering Technology, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, 15-341, Poland.
Environ Res. 2020 Jul;186:109511. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109511. Epub 2020 Apr 14.
Diclofenac (DCF), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) belongs to one of the most frequently detected pharmaceutical residues in the environment. Little is known on the interactions of DCF as well as its major biodegradation metabolites 4'-OHDCF and 5-OHDCF with chemical compounds found in wastewater, including antibiotics such as ampicillin and kanamycin. In the present work we examined the potential interactions between DCF, its metabolites 4'-OHDCF and 5-OHDCF and ampicyllin and kanamycin. We also measured the effect of the mixture of DCF with natural compound - amygdalin. We evaluated the following parameters: E. coli K-12 cells viability, growth inhibition of E. coli K-12 culture, genotoxicity, oxidative stress parameters: sodA promoter induction and ROS generation. The reactivity of E. coli SM recA:luxCDABE biosensor strain in wastewaters matrices contaminated with DCF and kanamycin was also monitored. Obtained results indicated that used antibiotics (ampicyllin, kanamycin) enhanced the toxic effect of DCF used individually and in the mixtures with its metabolites 4'-OHDCF and 5-OHDCF toward E. coli. Similar effect was also obtained in genotoxicity assay. The oxidative stress assays revealed that the highest level of ROS generation and sodA promoter induction were obtained also for the mixtures of DCF, its metabolites with antibiotics. It was also showed that amygdalin influenced the activity of DCF and its biodegradation metabolites. The strongest luminescence response of E. coli SM biosensor strain with recA:luxCDABE genetic construct in filtered treated wastewaters, comparable to control sample was noticed. Obtained results showed that DCF and its biodegradation metabolites 4'-OHDCF and 5-OHDCF can interact with tested antibiotics and compounds of natural origin, i.e. amygdalin to form mixtures showing stronger antimicrobial activity against E. coli than parent chemicals. Moreover the assays in wastewater matrices revealed that E. coli SM recA:luxCDABE biosensor strains is a good tool for bacteria monitoring in wastewater environments.
双氯芬酸（DCF）是一种非甾体抗炎药（NSAID），属于环境中检测到的最常见的药物残留之一。目前对于 DCF 及其主要生物降解代谢物 4'-OHDCF 和 5-OHDCF 与废水中发现的化学物质（包括抗生素如氨苄西林和卡那霉素）的相互作用知之甚少。在本工作中，我们研究了 DCF、其代谢物 4'-OHDCF 和 5-OHDCF 与氨苄西林和卡那霉素之间的潜在相互作用。我们还测量了 DCF 与天然化合物苦杏仁苷混合物的影响。我们评估了以下参数：E. coli K-12 细胞活力、E. coli K-12 培养物的生长抑制、遗传毒性、氧化应激参数： sodA 启动子诱导和 ROS 生成。还监测了受 DCF 和卡那霉素污染的废水中 E. coli SM recA:luxCDABE 生物传感器菌株的反应性。获得的结果表明，所用抗生素（氨苄西林、卡那霉素）增强了 DCF 单独使用以及与 4'-OHDCF 和 5-OHDCF 代谢物混合使用对 E. coli 的毒性作用。在遗传毒性测定中也获得了类似的效果。氧化应激测定表明，ROS 生成和 sodA 启动子诱导的最高水平也是在 DCF、其代谢物与抗生素的混合物中获得的。还表明苦杏仁苷影响 DCF 及其生物降解代谢物的活性。带有 recA:luxCDABE 遗传构建体的 E. coli SM 生物传感器菌株在过滤处理废水中的发光反应最强，与对照样品相当。获得的结果表明，DCF 和其生物降解代谢物 4'-OHDCF 和 5-OHDCF 可以与测试的抗生素和天然来源的化合物（即苦杏仁苷）相互作用，形成混合物，对 E. coli 的抗菌活性强于母体化学物质。此外，在废水基质中的测定表明，E. coli SM recA:luxCDABE 生物传感器菌株是监测废水环境中细菌的良好工具。
