Envieno, Logomo Byrå, Köydenpunojankatu 14, FI-20100 Turku, Finland.
Lappeenranta University of Technology, Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Innovation Centre for Safety and Material Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland.
Environ Int. 2014 Aug;69:28-39. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.021. Epub 2014 May 4.
Diclofenac (DCF) is a common anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical that is often detected in waste wasters, effluents and surface waters. Recently, DCF was included in the watch list of substances in EU that requires its environmental monitoring in the member states. DCF is also known to harmfully affect several environmental species already at concentrations of ≤ 1 μg/l. This review focuses on the occurrence and fate of DCF in conventional wastewater treatment processes. Research done in this area was gathered and analyzed in order to find out the possibilities to enhance DCF elimination during biological wastewater treatment. More precisely, human metabolism, concentrations in wastewater influents and effluents, elimination rates in the treatment train, roles of sorption and biotransformation mechanisms during the treatment as well as formation of transformation products are reported. Additionally, the effect of process configuration, i.e. conventional activated sludge (CAS), biological nutrient removal (BNR), membrane bioreactor (MBR) and attached-growth bioreactor, and process parameters, i.e. solids retention time (SRT) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) are presented. Generally, DCF is poorly biodegradable which often translates into low elimination rates during biological wastewater treatment. Only a minor portion is sorbed to sludge. MBR and attached-growth bioreactors may result in higher elimination of DCF over CAS or BNR. Long SRTs (>150 d) favor the DCF elimination due to sludge adaptation. Longer HRTs (>2-3d) could significantly increase the elimination of DCF during biological wastewater treatment. Bioaugmentation could be used to enhance DCF elimination, however, this requires more research on microbial communities that are able to degrade DCF. Also, further research is needed to gain more information about the deconjugation processes and biotic and abiotic transformation and the nature of transformation products.
双氯芬酸（DCF）是一种常见的抗炎类药物，经常在废水、污水和地表水中被检出。最近，DCF 被列入欧盟需要在成员国进行环境监测的物质观察名单中。已经有研究表明，即使在浓度低至 1μg/L 时，DCF 也会对多种环境物种造成有害影响。这篇综述聚焦于 DCF 在传统污水处理工艺中的存在和归宿。本研究对该领域的研究成果进行了收集和分析，以找出在生物污水处理过程中增强 DCF 去除的可能性。更具体地说，本文报告了人类代谢、废水进水和出水的浓度、处理过程中的去除率、吸附和生物转化机制的作用以及转化产物的形成。此外，还介绍了工艺配置（即传统活性污泥法（CAS）、生物脱氮除磷（BNR）、膜生物反应器（MBR）和附着生长生物反应器）和工艺参数（即固体停留时间（SRT）和水力停留时间（HRT））的影响。通常，DCF 生物降解性差，这往往导致生物污水处理过程中的去除率较低。只有一小部分被污泥吸附。与 CAS 或 BNR 相比，MBR 和附着生长生物反应器可能会导致 DCF 的去除率更高。较长的 SRT（>150d）有利于 DCF 的去除，因为污泥适应。较长的 HRT（>2-3d）可以显著提高生物污水处理过程中 DCF 的去除率。生物强化可以用于增强 DCF 的去除，但这需要对能够降解 DCF 的微生物群落进行更多的研究。此外，还需要进一步研究以获得有关去结合过程以及生物和非生物转化和转化产物性质的更多信息。
