Wageningen Livestock Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Wageningen Livestock Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
J Dairy Sci. 2020 Jun;103(6):5759-5772. doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-17214. Epub 2020 Apr 22.
The objective of this review was to describe recent changes and expected developments in housing systems for dairy cows. These new developments should create an appropriate production environment for modern high-producing dairy cows and stimulate dairy farming-related developments in management, agro-technology, and equipment. Increased labor efficiency has been an important driver of the change from tie-stall barns to cubicle barns (also known as freestall barns). In future housing systems, the natural behavior of cows, climate control, emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases, reuse of waste, manure quality, the aesthetics of buildings in the landscape, and capital efficiency are becoming increasingly important elements. To address future requirements, new concepts beyond cubicle barns must be developed. Freewalk housing systems; that is, loose housing systems without cubicles, would meet some of these future demands. These systems operate with composting bedding material or artificial permeable floors as lying and walking areas. However, these barns are still in development. Combinations of cubicle and freewalk housing systems, together with other techniques being developed, might become a major future housing system. Other techniques and systems that are being explored according to sustainability criteria include the multi-climate shed, the CowToilet (Hanskamp AgroTech, Doetinchem, the Netherlands) to separate feces and urine, and multifunctional buildings. These buildings and techniques can be part of land-based or, less commonly, city-based farming systems, such as floating farms.
本次综述的目的是描述奶牛养殖舍饲系统的最新变化和预期发展。这些新发展应该为现代高产奶牛创造一个适宜的生产环境，并刺激与奶牛养殖相关的管理、农业技术和设备的发展。从拴系牛舍到卧床牛舍（也称为散栏牛舍）的转变，提高劳动力效率一直是重要的驱动力。在未来的养殖舍饲系统中，奶牛的自然行为、气候控制、氨和温室气体排放、废物再利用、粪便质量、景观中建筑物的美学以及资本效率正成为越来越重要的因素。为了满足未来的要求，必须开发超越卧床牛舍的新概念。自由躺卧式畜舍系统，即没有卧床的散栏畜舍，可以满足一些未来的需求。这些系统使用堆肥垫料或人工可渗透地板作为卧躺和行走区域。然而，这些畜舍仍在开发中。卧床和自由躺卧式畜舍的组合，以及正在开发的其他技术，可能成为未来的主要畜舍系统。根据可持续性标准正在探索的其他技术和系统包括多气候棚、CowToilet（荷兰多廷赫姆 Hanskamp AgroTech）以分离粪便和尿液，以及多功能建筑。这些建筑和技术可以是基于陆地或不太常见的基于城市的农业系统的一部分，例如浮动农场。
