Motor unit contributions to activation reduction and torque steadiness following active lengthening: a study of residual torque enhancement.

Following active lengthening, steady-state isometric (ISO) torque is greater than a purely ISO contraction at the same muscle length, this is referred to as residual torque enhancement (rTE). A phenomenon of rTE is activation reduction, characterized by reduced electromyography (EMG) amplitude for a given torque output. We hypothesized that lower motor unit discharge rates would contribute to activation reduction and lessening torque steadiness. Ten young male subjects performed ISO dorsiflexion contractions at 10 and 20% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque. During rTE trials, the muscle was activated at 10° of plantar flexion, then the ankle was rotated to the ISO position at 40°. Fine wire electrodes recorded motor unit (MU)-discharge rates and variability from the tibialis anterior. Surface EMG quantified activation reduction, and steadiness was determined as the coefficient of variation of torque. The activation reduction was 44 and 24% at 10 and 20% MVC, respectively ( < 0.05). Fewer MUs were recorded in the rTE than ISO condition at 10% (47%) and 20% (36%) MVC ( < 0.05). Discharge rates were 19 and 26% lower in the rTE compared with the ISO condition for 10 and 20% MVC, respectively ( < 0.05), with no difference in variability between conditions ( > 0.05). Steadiness was ~22 and 18% lower for the rTE than ISO condition at 10 and 20% MVC ( < 0.05). Our findings indicate that activation reduction may be attributed to lower MU discharge rate and fewer detectable MUs and that this theoretically contributes to a reduction in steadiness in the rTE condition. Our findings indicate that lower electromyographic activity during the torque enhanced condition following active lengthening compared with a purely isometric contraction arises from fewer active motor units and a lower discharge rate of those that are active. We used an acute condition of increased torque capacity to induce a decrease in net output of the motor neuron pool during a submaximal task to demonstrate, in humans, the impact of motor unit activity on torque steadiness.