Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Caring Science, Work life and Social Welfare, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden.
Scand J Caring Sci. 2021 Jun;35(2):530-537. doi: 10.1111/scs.12865. Epub 2020 May 4.
Children often report both fear and pain in conjunction with clinical care and treatment. Interventions developed in the field have still not been sufficient to prevent and relieve children's fear and pain. More knowledge, from children's own perspectives, is needed about how they deal with their experiences.
To explore child-identified strategies that children use to manage fear and pain during needle-related medical procedures in hospital.
Interviews with children, age 4-12 years, with experience of hospital care were analysed qualitatively using content analysis.
Children have self-identified strategies for dealing with fear and pain during hospital care and treatment. The strategies vary depending on examination or treatment and on how the child felt at that particular day. Children describe what they can do themselves, how adults can empower them and support from surroundings as strategies that give them a choice and a voice. Children wished to have influence, decide when and how information should be given, scream out loud or squeeze something hard, to deal with fear and pain. The results also show that children tried to be brave, gain control and think positively. Something nice to look at and opportunities to play with others also contributed.
Strategies vary between children and are used differently on different occasions. Healthcare professionals pose a threat to the child's needs and ability to use their strategies due to lack of knowledge of the child's chosen strategies.
儿童在接受临床护理和治疗时常常同时报告恐惧和疼痛。该领域开发的干预措施仍然不足以预防和缓解儿童的恐惧和疼痛。需要从儿童自身的角度更多地了解他们如何应对自己的经历。
探讨儿童在医院进行与针相关的医疗程序时自我识别的管理恐惧和疼痛的策略。
对有医院护理经验的 4-12 岁儿童进行访谈，采用内容分析法对访谈进行定性分析。
儿童在医院护理和治疗期间有自我确定的应对恐惧和疼痛的策略。这些策略因检查或治疗以及儿童当天的感受而异。儿童描述了他们自己可以做什么，成年人如何赋予他们权力并给予他们周围的支持作为给他们选择和发言权的策略。儿童希望有影响力，决定何时以及如何提供信息，大声尖叫或用力紧握，以应对恐惧和疼痛。结果还表明，儿童试图勇敢、控制和积极思考。好看的东西和与他人玩耍的机会也有帮助。
策略因儿童而异，在不同情况下的使用方式也不同。由于缺乏对儿童选择策略的了解，医护人员对儿童的需求和使用其策略的能力构成威胁。
