Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2020 Aug;10(4):878-902. doi: 10.1007/s13346-020-00771-y.
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are an important component in the field of biomedical diagnostics. Because of its unique physicochemical properties, AuNPs have been widely used in biomedical applications such as photothermal cancer therapy, drug delivery, optical imaging, labeling, and biosensing. In this review, we have described synthesis and characterization techniques for AuNPs with recent advancements. Characterization of AuNPs has played an important role in directing its application in various fields and elaborated understanding of its functioning. The characterization techniques used for the analysis of AuNPs utilize its intrinsic properties, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and size-dependent shift in absorption. These properties of AuNPs are furthermore used for the characterization of bioconjugated AuNPs. Surface conjugation of the AuNPs with biomolecules is explored widely for its use in numerous biosensing applications. Biosensor-based diagnostic devices use AuNPs conjugated with a sensing probe for the detection of a specific analyte. AuNPs are also commonly used as a colorimetric sensor in various point-of-care diagnostic techniques. Lateral flow immunosensing (LFIS) technique utilizes AuNPs for the rapid and sensitive detection of various analytes. LFIS is a paper-based detection technique, where the sample containing the analyte flows through the membrane, interacts with immobilized counterparts, and produces results using a detection probe. AuNPs are used as color markers in LFIS, and the presence of an analyte is indicated by the appearance of colored lines on the membrane. The color is a result of the accumulation of AuNP complexes containing the analyte and probe. Effect of characterization parameters of AuNPs on the sensitivity of LFIS, advantages, and disadvantages of using AuNPs for LFIS are discussed concerning the recent reports. Recent applications of AuNPs in LFIS development for the detection of various biomarkers are summarized comprehensively in the table. The review may offer significant insight into the utility of AuNPs for application in the LFIS technique for future development. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of the various applications of gold nanoparticles.
金纳米粒子（AuNPs）是生物医学诊断领域的重要组成部分。由于其独特的物理化学性质，AuNPs 已广泛应用于光热癌症治疗、药物输送、光学成像、标记和生物传感等生物医学应用。在这篇综述中，我们描述了具有最新进展的 AuNPs 的合成和表征技术。AuNPs 的表征在指导其在各个领域的应用和深入了解其功能方面发挥了重要作用。用于分析 AuNPs 的表征技术利用了其内在特性，例如表面等离子体共振（SPR）和吸收随尺寸的变化。这些 AuNPs 的特性还用于生物共轭 AuNPs 的表征。AuNPs 与生物分子的表面缀合广泛用于其在许多生物传感应用中的使用。基于生物传感器的诊断设备使用与传感探针缀合的 AuNPs 来检测特定的分析物。AuNPs 还常用于各种即时诊断技术中的比色传感器。侧向流动免疫传感（LFIS）技术利用 AuNPs 快速灵敏地检测各种分析物。LFIS 是一种基于纸张的检测技术，其中含有分析物的样品流经膜，与固定化的对应物相互作用，并使用检测探针产生结果。AuNPs 用作 LFIS 中的颜色标记，并且膜上出现有色线表示存在分析物。颜色是含有分析物和探针的 AuNP 复合物聚集的结果。根据最近的报道，讨论了 AuNPs 的表征参数对 LFIS 灵敏度的影响、在 LFIS 中使用 AuNPs 的优点和缺点。AuNPs 在 LFIS 发展中的最新应用综述，用于检测各种生物标志物。该综述可能为 AuNPs 在 LFIS 技术中的应用提供重要的见解，以促进未来的发展。
