London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Pl, Kings Cross, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom.
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615N. Wolfe Street, Room E4644, Baltimore, MA, 21205, USA.
Child Abuse Negl. 2020 Jun;104:104471. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104471. Epub 2020 May 1.
Despite growing interest in the role of social norms in perpetuating the harmful practice of sexual exploitation of children and adolescents (SECA), little is known about the state of the literature on this issue.
This systematic review aims to summarize what associated norms, attitudes and factual beliefs have been identified by the SECA literature worldwide.
Multiple database searches were conducted using controlled vocabulary and keywords referring to SECA.
Our searches identified 3690 unique references. After applying our exclusion criteria, 49 studies, including over 14,000 participants from 37 countries and most world regions, were included. Across studies we identified six injunctive norms perpetuating SECA: owning goods as a social status marker ; being sexually active; exchanging sex for favors; contributing financially to the household; stigma and discrimination against young people who experienced SECA; and lack of social sanctions for SECA perpetrators. These norms were supported by enhanced tolerance of SECA when it involved older or more physically developed adolescents and when it occurred in poverty-affected contexts. Beliefs around markers that denote adolescents' readiness for sex; men's entitlement to sex; and the perceived benefits of intergenerational relationships, also contributed to the maintenance and reproduction of SECA. Findings from all regions suggested that marginalized young people are particularly vulnerable to SECA.
Interventions to reduce SECA must consider individual, social, and structural factors and how they interrelate. Context-specific social norms interventions are needed to address harmful norms, promote protective norms, and improve services for those who have experienced SECA.
尽管人们对社会规范在延续对儿童和青少年的性剥削这种有害行为方面的作用越来越感兴趣，但关于这一问题的文献状况却知之甚少。
本系统评价旨在总结全球有关性剥削儿童和青少年问题的文献中已确定的哪些相关规范、态度和事实信念。
使用参照性剥削儿童和青少年的受控词汇和关键词对多个数据库进行了检索。
我们的检索共确定了 3690 个独特的参考文献。在应用排除标准后，纳入了 49 项研究，这些研究来自 37 个国家和世界大部分地区，共涉及 14000 多名参与者。在这些研究中，我们确定了 6 种助长性剥削儿童和青少年行为的规范性准则：将拥有物品作为社会地位的标志；性行为活跃；以性换取好处；为家庭提供经济支持；对遭受性剥削儿童和青少年的污名化和歧视；以及对性剥削儿童和青少年行为人的社会制裁缺乏。这些规范得到了增强的容忍度的支持，当涉及到年龄较大或身体发育更为成熟的青少年，或者当性剥削发生在贫困环境中时，这种容忍度就会增强。关于表示青少年准备发生性行为的标志、男性享有性权利的信念，以及代际关系的感知益处等信念，也有助于维持和再现性剥削儿童和青少年行为。来自所有地区的研究结果表明，边缘化的年轻人特别容易受到性剥削儿童和青少年行为的影响。
减少性剥削儿童和青少年行为的干预措施必须考虑个人、社会和结构因素以及它们之间的相互关系。需要针对特定于具体情况的社会规范进行干预，以解决有害规范，促进保护规范，并为那些遭受过性剥削儿童和青少年行为的人提供服务。
