Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
Environ Int. 2020 Jul;140:105747. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105747. Epub 2020 May 1.
Commercial spray products are commonly used in daily life and airborne particles generated by these products may cause adverse health effects. Our study was aimed to characterize the behaviors of airborne particles from spray products and to determine the deposition loss rate. Four categories of spray products with highly frequent use - air fresheners, fabric deodorants, window cleaners, and a bathroom cleaner - were selected for the study. The products were applied in a cleanroom according to the instructions for use. Airborne particles (10-10,000 nm) were measured within the breathing zone of a user with a scanning mobility particle sizer and an optical particle spectrometer. Additionally, filter sampling was performed to examine the morphological characteristics of the particles using a field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The initial concentration and particle size distribution varied among different spray types and products. Two propellant-type air fresheners that we tested showed a high initial concentration of smaller sized particles. However, one of these and all hand-pressure type propellants showed a low initial concentration in all size ranges. We observed that particles in nucleation mode (10-31.6 nm) decreased and aggregated particles shifted to accumulation mode (100-1,000 nm) over time. The FS-SEM analysis confirmed the aggregation of nano-sized particles for all products. The deposition loss rates of various particle sizes depended on the initial concentration and distribution of particle sizes. For two air fresheners with high initial concentrations, the loss rate of small-sized particles was higher than that of the other products whereas the particle loss rate of large-sized particles was higher, regardless of initial concentration. The results of this study can give us useful information in the behaviors of airborne particles in the consumer spray products and resulting exposure assessment especially in the application to the exposure modeling of spray products.
商用喷雾产品在日常生活中被广泛使用，这些产品产生的空气传播颗粒可能会对健康造成不良影响。本研究旨在描述喷雾产品产生的空气传播颗粒的行为，并确定沉积损失率。我们选择了四种高频率使用的喷雾产品 - 空气清新剂、织物除臭剂、窗户清洁剂和浴室清洁剂 - 进行研究。根据使用说明，在洁净室中应用这些产品。使用扫描迁移率颗粒尺寸分析仪和光学颗粒光谱仪在用户的呼吸区域内测量空气传播颗粒（10-10,000nm）。此外，通过场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM）进行过滤采样，以检查颗粒的形态特征。初始浓度和颗粒尺寸分布因不同的喷雾类型和产品而异。我们测试的两种推进剂型空气清新剂表现出较小粒径的高初始浓度。然而，其中一种和所有手动压力型推进剂在所有粒径范围内都表现出较低的初始浓度。我们观察到，随着时间的推移，成核模式（10-31.6nm）的颗粒减少，并且聚集颗粒转移到积聚模式（100-1,000nm）。FE-SEM 分析证实了所有产品的纳米级颗粒的聚集。各种粒径的沉积损失率取决于初始浓度和粒径分布。对于两种初始浓度较高的空气清新剂，小粒径颗粒的损失率高于其他产品，而大粒径颗粒的损失率则不受初始浓度的影响。本研究的结果可为我们提供有关消费喷雾产品中空气传播颗粒行为及其暴露评估的有用信息，特别是在喷雾产品暴露模型的应用方面。
