Effects of antioxidants on oxidative stress and inflammatory responses of human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to particulate matter and cigarette smoke extract.

Particulate matter (PM) is a type of air pollutant that induces adverse health effects, including acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the effects of co-exposure to PM and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on bronchial epithelial cells remain unknown. This study investigated the cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of combined exposure to PM and CSE on bronchial epithelial cells, and assessed the potential of antioxidants to inhibit CSE/PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Exposure of epithelial cells to PM or CSE induced cytotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress, all of which were dramatically increased when cells were exposed to the combination of CSE and PM. Importantly, the adverse effects of CSE/PM exposure were suppressed when cells were treated with sulforaphane (SFN) or sulforaphane N-acetylcysteine (SFNAC). Furthermore, SFN and SFNAC suppressed the CSE/PM-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and expression of inflammatory genes. Combined PM and CSE exposure further activated the MAPK and Nrf2 signaling pathways. SFN and SFNAC attenuated CSE/PM-induced epithelial toxicity through the ERK/JNK signaling pathway-dependent inhibition of inflammation. Moreover, SFN and SFNAC suppressed ROS generation by activating antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2 signaling. Therefore, SFN and SFNAC could be a promising approach to prevent or mitigate the exacerbation of pulmonary diseases caused by PM and other air pollutants.