ECOLAB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
ECOLAB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
Trends Parasitol. 2020 Jul;36(7):616-633. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.04.010. Epub 2020 May 10.
Microorganisms are increasingly recognized as ecosystem-relevant components because they affect the population dynamics of hosts. Functioning at the interface of the host and pathogen, skin and gut microbiomes are vital components of immunity. Recent work reveals a strong influence of biotic and abiotic environmental factors (including the environmental microbiome) on disease dynamics, yet the importance of the host-host microbiome-pathogen-environment interaction has been poorly reflected in theory. We use amphibians and the disease chytridiomycosis caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis to show how interactions between host, host microbiome, pathogen, and the environment all affect disease outcome. Our review provides new perspectives that improve our understanding of disease dynamics and ecology by incorporating environmental factors and microbiomes into disease theory.
微生物越来越被认为是与生态系统相关的组成部分，因为它们会影响宿主的种群动态。皮肤和肠道微生物组作为宿主和病原体之间的界面发挥作用，是免疫的重要组成部分。最近的研究表明，生物和非生物环境因素（包括环境微生物组）对疾病动态有强烈的影响，但宿主-宿主微生物组-病原体-环境相互作用在理论上的重要性却被低估了。我们使用两栖动物和真菌病原体蛙壶菌引起的疾病壶菌病来说明宿主、宿主微生物组、病原体和环境之间的相互作用如何影响疾病的结果。我们的综述通过将环境因素和微生物组纳入疾病理论，为提高我们对疾病动态和生态学的理解提供了新的视角。
