Vicente Cláudia S L, Varela Ana Rita, Vettraino Anna, Espada Margarida, de Lurdes Inácio Maria
MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, Évora, 7006-554, Portugal.
INIAV, I.P. - Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Av. da República, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal.
Sci Rep. 2025 May 24;15(1):18122. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-01415-2.
Fungi are important biological elements in the Pine wilt disease (PWD) complex. In the late stages of the disease, the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus feeds on the fungal flora available in the pine tree for survival and multiplication. Previous studies have confirmed a close relation between the PWN and blue-stain fungi (Ophiostomatales), which are necrotrophic pathogens associated with bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The PWN is able to grow densely in the presence of these fungi, which results in a higher number of nematodes transferred to the insect-vector Monochamus spp. To understand the spatial diversity and structure of Pinus pinaster mycobiome, wood samples from PWN-infected and non-infected pine trees were collected in three locations of Continental mainland Portugal with different PWD records, during the maturation phase of the insect-vector M. galloprovincialis (winter 2019-spring 2020). The PWN-mycobiome from the PWN-infected P. pinaster was also characterized. A total of 27 samples of P. pinaster and 13 samples of PWN from PWN-infected trees were characterized using ITS2 amplicon sequencing. The diversity and structure of the fungal communities in P. pinaster varied with disease status suggesting that the PWN presence affects the endophytic fungal communities. For both P. pinaster and PWN fungal communities, differences were also associated with locations (recent PWD loci Seia, and long-term PWN locus Companhia das Lezírias and Tróia). Ophiostomatales were mainly detected in PWN-infected P. pinaster. This research contributes to increase the knowledge on the ecology of the fungal communities in PWD complex.
真菌是松材线虫病（PWD）复合体中的重要生物元素。在疾病后期，松材线虫（PWN）松材线虫以松树中可利用的真菌菌群为食，以维持生存和繁殖。先前的研究证实了松材线虫与蓝变真菌（长喙壳目）之间存在密切关系，蓝变真菌是与小蠹虫（鞘翅目：小蠹科）相关的坏死营养型病原体。在这些真菌存在的情况下，松材线虫能够密集生长，这导致转移到昆虫传播媒介松墨天牛属的线虫数量增加。为了解海岸松真菌群落的空间多样性和结构，在昆虫传播媒介葡萄牙松墨天牛的成熟阶段（2019年冬季至2020年春季），从葡萄牙大陆三个具有不同松材线虫病记录的地点收集了受松材线虫感染和未感染的松树的木材样本。还对受松材线虫感染的海岸松的松材线虫-真菌群落进行了特征分析。使用ITS2扩增子测序对总共27个海岸松样本和13个来自受松材线虫感染树木的松材线虫样本进行了特征分析。海岸松中真菌群落的多样性和结构因疾病状态而异，这表明松材线虫的存在会影响内生真菌群落。对于海岸松和松材线虫的真菌群落，差异也与地点有关（近期松材线虫病发病地点塞亚，以及长期松材线虫发病地点莱齐里亚斯公司和特罗亚）。长喙壳目主要在受松材线虫感染的海岸松中检测到。这项研究有助于增加对松材线虫病复合体中真菌群落生态学的了解。
