Abuzerr Samer, Hadi Mahdi, Zinszer Kate, Nasseri Simin, Yunesian Masud, Mahvi Amir Hossein, Nabizadeh Ramin, Hussien Mohammed Shimels
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
School of Public Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada.
J Environ Public Health. 2020 Jan 29;2020:7194780. doi: 10.1155/2020/7194780. eCollection 2020.
The traditional approach in the management of the quality drinking water, and relying on end-product testing, has proven ineffective in protecting public health. Therefore, the transition to a systematic approach in drinking water supply systems management from the source to the consumer tap was taken as a water safety plan (WSP).
The study aims to investigate the health-related hazardous events in order to decide on the best risk-reduction strategies in the supply of drinking water in the Gaza strip.
A semiquantitative matrix method for risk assessment was applied. Also, chlorine residual, electrical conductivity, and nitrate concentration further tested in 109 water wells, 109 small-scale water desalination plants, 197 tanker trucks, and 384 households distributed over five governorates of the Gaza strip.
The mean of the measured chlorine residual values was less than the recommended national and international limits (0.2-1 mg/liter). The mean of electrical conductivity at catchment points and household municipal water taps was 2165.1 S·cm and 2000 S·cm, respectively. Furthermore, zero percent of water samples met the recommended criteria, indicating that the groundwater in the Gaza strip is nonpotable. Only 12.8% and 8.8% of water samples met the permissible levels at catchment areas and municipal water at household, respectively, indicating sever health impacts on the public. Moreover, the most hazardous events were related to high levels of groundwater salinity, the low level of disinfection, the effect of electricity outages on the efficiency of the desalination process, and leakage of water from the tanker truck tank reservoirs. Therefore, urgent interventions are required to improve the quality of water and to mitigate the possible health effects.
The prioritization of hazardous events that are proportional to the degree of their attributed risk could help guide in making the right risk-reduction decisions. Urgent interventions are required to improve the quality of water and to mitigate the possible health effects.
传统的优质饮用水管理方法依赖终端产品检测，事实证明在保护公众健康方面效果不佳。因此，饮用水供应系统管理从源头到用户水龙头向系统方法的转变被视为一项水安全计划（WSP）。
本研究旨在调查与健康相关的危险事件，以便确定加沙地带饮用水供应中最佳的风险降低策略。
应用半定量矩阵法进行风险评估。此外，还对加沙地带五个省份的109口水井、109个小型海水淡化厂、197辆运水车和384户家庭中的余氯、电导率和硝酸盐浓度进行了进一步检测。
测得的余氯平均值低于国家和国际推荐限值（0.2 - 1毫克/升）。集水区和家庭市政水龙头处的电导率平均值分别为2165.1 S·cm和2000 S·cm。此外，零百分比的水样符合推荐标准，这表明加沙地带的地下水不可饮用。分别只有12.8%和8.8%的水样在集水区和家庭市政用水处符合允许水平，这表明对公众有严重的健康影响。此外，最危险的事件与地下水盐度高、消毒水平低、停电对海水淡化过程效率的影响以及运水车水箱水库漏水有关。因此，需要紧急干预以改善水质并减轻可能的健康影响。
根据危险事件的归因风险程度进行优先级排序有助于指导做出正确的风险降低决策。需要紧急干预以改善水质并减轻可能的健康影响。
