Direct observation of dual-step twinning nucleation in hexagonal close-packed crystals.

Design and processing of advanced lightweight structural alloys based on magnesium and titanium rely critically on a control over twinning that remains elusive to date and is dependent on an explicit understanding on the twinning nucleation mechanism in hexagonal close-packed (HCP) crystals. Here, by using in-situ high resolution transmission electron microscopy, we directly show a dual-step twinning nucleation mechanism in HCP rhenium nanocrystals. We find that nucleation of the predominant {1 0 -1 2} twinning is initiated by disconnections on the Prismatic│Basal interfaces which establish the lattice correspondence of the twin with a minor deviation from the ideal orientation. Subsequently, the minor deviation is corrected by the formation of coherent twin boundaries through rearrangement of the disconnections on the Prismatic│Basal interface; thereafter, the coherent twin boundaries propagate by twinning dislocations. The findings provide high-resolution direct evidence of the twinning nucleation mechanism in HCP crystals.