Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg. 2020 Aug;15(8):1369-1377. doi: 10.1007/s11548-020-02176-1. Epub 2020 May 19.
This paper introduces the concept of using an additional intracorporeal camera for the specific goal of training and skill assessment and explores the benefits of such an approach. This additional camera can provide an additional view of the surgical scene, and we hypothesize that this additional view would improve surgical training and skill assessment in robot-assisted surgery.
We developed a multi-camera, multi-view system, and we conducted two user studies ([Formula: see text]) to evaluate its effectiveness for training and skill assessment. In the training user study, subjects were divided into two groups: a single-view group and a dual-view group. The skill assessment study was a within-subject study, in which every subject was shown single- and dual view recorded videos of a surgical training task, and the goal was to count the number of errors committed in each video.
The results show the effectiveness of using an additional intracorporeal camera view for training and skill assessment. The benefits of this view are modest for skill assessment as it improves the assessment accuracy by approximately 9%. For training, the additional camera view is clearly more effective. Indeed, the dual-view group is 57% more accurate than the single-view group in a retention test. In addition, the dual-view group is 35% more accurate and 25% faster than the single-view group in a transfer test.
A multi-camera, multi-view system has the potential to significantly improve training and moderately improve skill assessment in robot-assisted surgery. One application of our work is to include an additional camera view in existing virtual reality surgical training simulators to realize its benefits in training. The views from the additional intracorporeal camera can also be used to improve on existing surgical skill assessment criteria used in training systems for robot-assisted surgery.
本文介绍了使用附加内窥镜摄像机的概念，其目的是专门进行培训和技能评估，并探讨了这种方法的好处。这种附加的摄像机可以提供手术现场的额外视角，我们假设这种额外的视角将改善机器人辅助手术中的培训和技能评估。
我们开发了一种多摄像机、多视角系统，并进行了两项用户研究[公式：见正文]，以评估其在培训和技能评估中的有效性。在培训用户研究中，将受试者分为两组：单视图组和双视图组。技能评估研究是一项个体内研究，每个受试者都观看了单个和双视图记录的手术培训任务视频，目标是计算每个视频中犯的错误数量。
结果表明，使用附加内窥镜摄像机视角进行培训和技能评估是有效的。该视角在技能评估方面的益处适中，因为它将评估精度提高了约 9%。对于培训，附加摄像机视角显然更有效。事实上，在保留测试中，双视图组比单视图组准确 57%。此外，在转移测试中，双视图组比单视图组准确 35%，速度快 25%。
多摄像机、多视角系统有可能显著改善机器人辅助手术中的培训，并适度改善技能评估。我们工作的一个应用是在现有的虚拟现实手术培训模拟器中包括附加的摄像机视角，以实现其在培训中的好处。附加内窥镜摄像机的视图也可用于改善机器人辅助手术培训系统中现有的手术技能评估标准。
