Water Engineering Department, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.
Department of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Aug 20;731:138927. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138927. Epub 2020 May 7.
Assessing pre- vs. post environmental and social effects of present irrigation projects is vital to provide sustainable socio-environmental roadmaps for the upcoming similar development projects. Such sustainability was assessed for the first time in the present study at a 20- year old irrigation and drainage network (TIDN) area in the north of Iran covering about 70 thousands ha. A 32- year period data on groundwater level and surface- and groundwater quality as well as data on harvested area and crop production was analyzed to evaluate environmental sustainability. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) method was used to prepare the zoning maps and to analyze the descriptive data. Social response to the TIDN was assessed using a cross-sectional survey through completing a questionnaire. The raw data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS software. During the operation of the TIDN, the cropping area increased gradually from about 34,000 ha to about 53,000 ha. In this period, the average yield of early- and late- matured rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties, predominant crops grown in the area, increased steadily from about 5300 to 6700 kg ha. Groundwater table depth declined gradually with an annual reduction of 7.5 cm mainly due to agricultural intensification. Groundwater quality parameters such as electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and magnesium decreased substantially especially in the semi- deep wells, while nitrate concentration showed a little increase without human effects. The TIDN project improved rural sustainability, hope feeling, security feeling, tourism development, cultural development, trust, social solidarity, social participation and life quality. The results indicate that similar comprehensive analyses can provide an important contribution to assess socio- environmental sustainability in irrigated catchments.
评估当前灌溉项目的环境和社会影响对于为即将到来的类似发展项目提供可持续的社会-环境路线图至关重要。本研究首次在伊朗北部一个拥有 20 年历史的灌溉和排水网络（TIDN）地区进行了此类可持续性评估，该地区占地约 7 万公顷。分析了 32 年的地下水水位和地表水-地下水质量数据以及收获面积和作物产量数据，以评估环境可持续性。使用反距离权重（IDW）方法编制了分区图并对描述性数据进行了分析。通过填写问卷，使用横断面调查评估了 TIDN 的社会响应。从问卷中获得的原始数据使用 SPSS 软件进行了分析。在 TIDN 的运行过程中，种植面积从约 34000 公顷逐渐增加到约 53000 公顷。在此期间，该地区主要种植的早、晚熟水稻（Oryza sativa L.）品种的平均产量从约 5300 公斤/公顷稳步增加到 6700 公斤/公顷。由于农业集约化，地下水水位深度逐渐下降，年降幅为 7.5 厘米。地下水质量参数如电导率、总溶解固体、钠、氯、碳酸氢盐和镁含量大幅下降，尤其是在半深井中，而硝酸盐浓度略有增加，没有人为影响。TIDN 项目改善了农村可持续性、希望感、安全感、旅游发展、文化发展、信任、社会团结、社会参与和生活质量。结果表明，类似的综合分析可以为评估灌溉流域的社会-环境可持续性做出重要贡献。
