Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
Chemosphere. 2020 Oct;256:127002. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127002. Epub 2020 May 7.
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has been of concerns for their potential threats to ecosystems and human's health for decades. PPCPs have been detected in water environments worldwide and have been identified in water sources and finished water. To elucidate the potential exposure of PPCPs in drinking water, this study assessed the occurrences and treatment efficiencies of PPCPs in the drinking water of Taiwan. Raw and finished water samples collected from five main drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in February, June, and November 2018 were analyzed. Furthermore, laboratory-scale water treatment processes were conducted to evaluate the treatment efficiencies of these chemicals. Most of the water samples from the DWTPs had a low concentration (<30 ng/L) of PPCPs. Only samples from a DWTP was observed to have higher concentration of ibuprofen (55.6 ng/L), benzophenone (92.5 ng/L), caffeine (390.5 ng/L), and diethyltoluamide (DEET) (434.9 ng/L) in raw water than others. The results of laboratory simulations indicated that the pre-chlorination process was the key step responsible for the removal of PPCPs in conventional water treatment processes, which can remove most of the hormone treatment products, parabens, oxybenzone, and acetaminophen in water sources. However, the filtration process with anthracite as a medium could remove some of the parabens (approximately 11.9%-41.2%), hormones (approximately 18.2%-44.8%), suntan lotions (37.5%-68.8%), and naproxen (30.1%) from Milli-Q water. The removal efficiencies of the aforementioned chemicals were marginally lower in raw water. However, analgesics, caffeine, and DEET cannot be removed effectively through conventional drinking water treatment.
药品和个人护理产品（PPCPs）因其对生态系统和人类健康的潜在威胁而受到关注已有数十年之久。PPCPs 已在全球水环境中被检出，并已在水源水和饮用水中被检出。为了阐明饮用水中 PPCPs 的潜在暴露情况，本研究评估了台湾饮用水中 PPCPs 的发生情况和处理效率。于 2018 年 2 月、6 月和 11 月从五个主要饮用水处理厂（DWTP）采集原水和处理后水样进行分析。此外，还进行了实验室规模的水处理工艺，以评估这些化学品的处理效率。大多数 DWTP 的水样中 PPCPs 的浓度较低（<30ng/L）。仅在一个 DWTP 的原水中观察到布洛芬（55.6ng/L）、二苯甲酮（92.5ng/L）、咖啡因（390.5ng/L）和二乙基甲苯酰胺（DEET）（434.9ng/L）的浓度较高。实验室模拟结果表明，预氯化工艺是常规水处理工艺去除 PPCPs 的关键步骤，该步骤可去除水源水中的大部分激素处理产物、对羟基苯甲酸酯、氧苯酮和对乙酰氨基酚。然而，以无烟煤为介质的过滤过程可以去除一些对羟基苯甲酸酯（约 11.9%-41.2%）、激素（约 18.2%-44.8%）、防晒乳液（37.5%-68.8%）和萘普生（30.1%）。原水中上述化学物质的去除效率略低。然而，止痛药、咖啡因和 DEET 无法通过常规饮用水处理有效去除。
