Maziade M
Centre de Recherche Laval Robert-Giffard, Beauport, Quebec, Canada.
Psychiatr Dev. 1988 Autumn;6(3):195-211.
Epidemiological and developmental methodologies are 2 complementary approaches to the study of the relationship between adverse temperament and the development of personality and psychopathology in childhood. The association between adverse temperament and clinical disorders in childhood is now well documented in the general population. This paper argues that at least 5 epidemiological questions about child temperament need answers before investing time and energy in limited analyses of molecular interactions between temperament and specific environmental characteristics. (1) We need to know to what extent child adverse temperament really increases risk of clinical disorders; this must be expressed quantitatively and compared with the other well-documented psychosocial risk factors. (2) We need to test, in random samples, different general models of the temperament-environment interplay through the 'additive, synergistic, control of exposure to other environmental risks' paradigm. (3) Do we have evidence that adverse temperament interacts with some of the well-known psychosocial risk factors or with special areas of family functioning? (4) Does adverse temperament predispose, in the general population, to particular types of childhood disorders or is there a non-specific risk effect? (5) Are there sex differences in the risk associated with adverse temperament in the population?
流行病学方法和发展心理学方法是研究儿童期不良气质与人格及精神病理学发展之间关系的两种互补方法。不良气质与儿童期临床疾病之间的关联目前在普通人群中已有充分记录。本文认为，在投入时间和精力对气质与特定环境特征之间的分子相互作用进行有限分析之前，至少有5个关于儿童气质的流行病学问题需要解答。（1）我们需要知道儿童不良气质在多大程度上真的会增加临床疾病的风险；这必须进行定量表述，并与其他有充分记录的社会心理风险因素进行比较。（2）我们需要通过“相加、协同、控制接触其他环境风险”范式，在随机样本中检验气质与环境相互作用的不同一般模型。（3）我们是否有证据表明不良气质与一些知名的社会心理风险因素或家庭功能的特定领域相互作用？（4）在普通人群中，不良气质是否易导致特定类型的儿童疾病，还是存在非特异性风险效应？（5）人群中与不良气质相关的风险是否存在性别差异？
