Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14620
Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2020 Jul 1;2020(7):106625. doi: 10.1101/pdb.top106625.
The amphibian constitutes a powerful, versatile, and cost-effective nonmammalian model with which to investigate important contemporary issues of immunity relevant to human health such as ontogeny of immunity, self-tolerance, wound healing, autoimmunity, cancer immunity, immunotoxicology, and adaptation of host immune defenses to emerging pathogens. This model system presents several attractive features: an external developmental environment free of maternal influence that allows for easy experimental access from early life stages; an immune system that is remarkably similar to that of mammals; the availability of large-scale genetic and genomic resources; invaluable major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-defined inbred strains of frogs; and useful tools such as lymphoid tumor cell lines, monoclonal antibodies, and MHC tetramers. Modern reverse genetic loss-of-function and genome-editing technologies applied to immune function further empower this model. Finally, the evolutionary distance between and mammals permits distinguishing species-specific adaptation from more conserved features of the immune system. In this introduction, the advantages and features of for immunological research are outlined, as are existing tools, resources, and methods for using this model system.
两栖动物是一种强大、多功能且具有成本效益的非哺乳动物模型，可用于研究与人类健康相关的重要当代免疫学问题，如免疫的个体发生、自身耐受、创伤愈合、自身免疫、癌症免疫、免疫毒理学以及宿主免疫防御对新兴病原体的适应。该模型系统具有以下几个吸引人的特点：外部发育环境不受母体影响，便于从生命早期阶段进行实验；与哺乳动物非常相似的免疫系统；大规模遗传和基因组资源的可用性；具有宝贵的主要组织相容性复合体 (MHC) 定义的青蛙近交系；以及有用的工具，如淋巴肿瘤细胞系、单克隆抗体和 MHC 四聚体。现代反向遗传学功能丧失和基因组编辑技术在免疫功能上的应用进一步增强了该模型。最后，与哺乳动物的进化距离允许区分免疫系统中物种特异性适应和更保守的特征。在这篇介绍中，概述了 用于免疫学研究的优势和特点，以及使用该模型系统的现有工具、资源和方法。
