Expression and clinical value of SALL4 in renal cell carcinomas.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of spalt like transcription factor 4 (SALL4) in the three most common types of renal cell carcinomas (RCC) [clear cell RCC (ccRCC), papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) and chromophobe RCC (chRCC)], and the association with the overall survival (OS) of patients. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and RCC samples were used to investigate the expression levels of the SALL4 gene and its association with the OS in the three types of RCC based on the analysis of the transcriptome, copy number and survival data. It was found that SALL4 was highly expressed in ccRCC and pRCC tumor tissue, and low mRNA expression level of SALL4 indicated a prolonged survival in both ccRCC and pRCC. This mRNA expression level was associated with pathological Tumor‑Node‑Metastasis stage, M and T stages in both ccRCC and pRCC. The analysis of the enriched pathway results suggested that SALL4 may act via translation initiation, and that the related genes promoted the progression of RCC. Moreover, the high expression level of SALL4 was detected in RCC samples and serum from patients. It was demonstrated that SALL4 promotes increased viability in RCC cells. Therefore, the present results suggest that SALL4 may be a sensitive and specific cancer biomarker in ccRCC and pRCC. Furthermore, targeting of SALL4 may improve RCC therapy and prolong the survival of patients with ccRCC or pRCC.