Department of Psychology, Lund University, Box 213, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
Integr Psychol Behav Sci. 2021 Mar;55(1):189-197. doi: 10.1007/s12124-020-09548-x.
According to Zagaria et al. (2020), evolutionary psychology may be the meta-theory that is needed if psychological science is to enter a paradigmatic stage. Other writers have suggested that what is needed is a person-oriented approach, which focuses on the person as a complex system that needs to be studied (1) as a whole (holism), (2) as an intentional agent in interaction with its environment (interactionism), and (3) in terms of his or her individual characteristics and development (idiographic focus). The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the compatibility of these two suggestions. A brief analysis of some formulations central to Dawkins' gene-centered approach (e.g., "the intricate interdependence of genes", and the dependence of genes on their environment) suggests that it is quite compatible with holism and interactionism; and applications such as genetic genealogy illustrate the possibility of a person-oriented genetics. It is argued that these two perspectives are not only compatible, but also complementary. Without a complement in the form of a person-oriented perspective, a gene-centered evolutionary psychology will at best be able to produce a general understanding of the psychological potentials that inhere in the human gene pool. It will not, however, lead to any understanding of the unique profiles of psychological potentials that are produced by a re-combination of autosomal DNA at the origin of each specific individual person, and that develop over time in interaction with the environment. The latter requires that the gene-centered view is complemented with a person-oriented approach.
根据 Zagaria 等人（2020 年）的观点，如果心理科学要进入范式阶段，进化心理学可能是需要的元理论。其他作者认为，需要的是一种以人为中心的方法，该方法侧重于将人作为一个复杂系统进行研究：(1) 作为一个整体（整体论），(2) 作为与环境相互作用的有意图的主体（相互作用论），以及 (3) 从个体特征和发展的角度（个别论焦点）。本文的目的是讨论这两种建议的兼容性。对 Dawkins 以基因为中心的方法的一些核心表述的简要分析（例如，“基因之间错综复杂的相互依存关系”以及基因对环境的依赖性）表明，它与整体论和相互作用论非常兼容；而遗传家谱学等应用则说明了以人为中心的遗传学的可能性。有人认为，这两种观点不仅是兼容的，而且是互补的。如果不以以人为中心的观点作为补充，以基因为中心的进化心理学最多只能对人类基因库中固有的心理潜力产生一般的理解。然而，它不会导致对由每个特定个体起源的常染色体 DNA 的重新组合产生的心理潜力的独特特征的任何理解，也不会导致对这些独特特征的理解，这些特征是在与环境的相互作用中随着时间的推移而发展的。后者要求以基因为中心的观点辅以以人为中心的方法。
