Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad 500007, India.
Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad 500007, India.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2020 Jul;158:102109. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102109. Epub 2020 May 22.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play multiple physiological roles. They regulate the structure and function of cell membranes and cell growth and proliferation, and apoptosis. In addition, PUFAs are involved in cellular signaling, gene expression and serve as precursors to second messengers such as eicosanoids, docosanoids etc. and regulate several physiological processes including placentation, inflammation, immunity, angiogenesis, platelet function, synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, bone formation, energy homeostasis, pain sensitivity, stress, and cognitive functions. Linoleic acid, 18:2n-6 (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid, 18:3n-3 (ALA) are the two essential fatty acids obtained from the diets and subsequently their long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are accumulated in the body. The maternal plasma LCPUFAs especially accumulated in larger amounts in the brain during the third trimester of pregnancy via the placenta and postnatally from mother's breast milk. Various studies, including ours, suggest PUFA's important role in placentation, as well as in growth and development of the offspring. However, intakes of maternal n-3 PUFAs during pregnancy and lactation are much lower in India compared with the Western population. In India, n-3 fatty acid status is further reduced by higher intake of n-6 PUFA rich oils and trans fats. More data on the impacts of long term maternal n-3 PUFA deficiency on placental structure and function, gene expression, epigenetic changes and resultant cognitive function of fetus & infants are emerging. This review summarizes the impacts of n-3 PUFA deficiency in utero on fetal growth and development, adiposity, energy metabolism, musculoskeletal development, and epigenetic changes in feto-placental axis from the recently available pre-clinical and clinical data.
多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFAs）发挥多种生理作用。它们调节细胞膜的结构和功能以及细胞的生长和增殖、细胞凋亡。此外，PUFAs 参与细胞信号转导、基因表达，并作为细胞内信使如类二十烷酸、二十二碳六烯酸等的前体，调节包括胎盘形成、炎症、免疫、血管生成、血小板功能、突触可塑性、神经发生、骨形成、能量稳态、疼痛敏感性、应激和认知功能在内的多种生理过程。亚油酸，18:2n-6（LA）和α-亚麻酸，18:3n-3（ALA）是从饮食中获得的两种必需脂肪酸，随后它们的长链多不饱和脂肪酸（LCPUFAs）在体内积累。母体血浆 LCPUFAs，特别是在妊娠晚期通过胎盘大量积累在胎儿大脑中，以及在产后通过母亲的母乳中积累。包括我们的研究在内的各种研究表明，PUFA 在胎盘形成以及后代的生长和发育中具有重要作用。然而，与西方人群相比，印度孕妇和哺乳期妇女 n-3PUFA 的摄入量要低得多。在印度，由于富含 n-6PUFA 的油和反式脂肪的摄入量较高，n-3 脂肪酸的状态进一步降低。关于长期母体 n-3PUFA 缺乏对胎盘结构和功能、基因表达、表观遗传变化以及胎儿和婴儿认知功能的影响的更多数据正在出现。这篇综述总结了最近可获得的临床前和临床数据中 n-3PUFA 宫内缺乏对胎儿生长发育、肥胖、能量代谢、肌肉骨骼发育和胎-胎盘轴的表观遗传变化的影响。
