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异常视觉体验与知觉不确定性和视觉意象生动性有关。

Anomalous visual experience is linked to perceptual uncertainty and visual imagery vividness.

机构信息

Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.

Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.

出版信息

Psychol Res. 2021 Jul;85(5):1848-1865. doi: 10.1007/s00426-020-01364-7. Epub 2020 May 31.

Abstract

An imbalance between top-down and bottom-up processing on perception (specifically, over-reliance on top-down processing) can lead to anomalous perception, such as illusions. One factor that may be involved in anomalous perception is visual mental imagery, which is the experience of "seeing" with the mind's eye. There are vast individual differences in self-reported imagery vividness, and more vivid imagery is linked to a more sensory-like experience. We, therefore, hypothesized that susceptibility to anomalous perception is linked to individual imagery vividness. To investigate this, we adopted a paradigm that is known to elicit the perception of faces in pure visual noise (pareidolia). In four experiments, we explored how imagery vividness contributes to this experience under different response instructions and environments. We found strong evidence that people with more vivid imagery were more likely to see faces in the noise, although removing suggestive instructions weakened this relationship. Analyses from the first two experiments led us to explore confidence as another factor in pareidolia proneness. We, therefore, modulated environment noise and added a confidence rating in a novel design. We found strong evidence that pareidolia proneness is correlated with uncertainty about real percepts. Decreasing perceptual ambiguity abolished the relationship between pareidolia proneness and both imagery vividness and confidence. The results cannot be explained by incidental face-like patterns in the noise, individual variations in response bias, perceptual sensitivity, subjective perceptual thresholds, viewing distance, testing environments, motivation, gender, or prosopagnosia. This indicates a critical role of mental imagery vividness and perceptual uncertainty in anomalous perceptual experience.

摘要

知觉中自上而下和自下而上加工之间的不平衡(特别是过度依赖自上而下的加工)可能导致异常知觉,例如错觉。可能涉及异常知觉的一个因素是视觉心理意象,即“用想象的眼睛看”的体验。自我报告的意象生动性存在巨大的个体差异,更生动的意象与更具感官体验相关。因此,我们假设异常知觉的易感性与个体意象生动性有关。为了研究这一点,我们采用了一种已知会在纯视觉噪声中引起面孔感知的范式(空想性错视)。在四个实验中,我们探索了在不同的反应指令和环境下,意象生动性如何影响这种体验。我们有强有力的证据表明,意象更生动的人更有可能在噪声中看到面孔,尽管去除暗示性的指令会削弱这种关系。前两个实验的分析促使我们将信心作为空想性错视倾向的另一个因素进行探索。因此,我们在一个新颖的设计中调节环境噪声并添加了信心评分。我们有强有力的证据表明,空想性错视倾向与对真实感知的不确定性有关。降低感知模糊性消除了空想性错视倾向与意象生动性和信心之间的关系。结果不能用噪声中的偶然的类脸模式、反应偏差、感知敏感性、主观感知阈值、观察距离、测试环境、动机、性别或面孔失认症的个体差异来解释。这表明心理意象生动性和感知不确定性在异常知觉体验中起着关键作用。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/79ef/8289756/07704449086d/426_2020_1364_Fig1_HTML.jpg

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