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肌联蛋白 N2A:骨骼肌中的信号枢纽和机械开关。

N2A Titin: Signaling Hub and Mechanical Switch in Skeletal Muscle.

机构信息

Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5640, USA.

Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.

出版信息

Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 1;21(11):3974. doi: 10.3390/ijms21113974.

Abstract

Since its belated discovery, our understanding of the giant protein titin has grown exponentially from its humble beginning as a sarcomeric scaffold to recent recognition of its critical mechanical and signaling functions in active muscle. One uniquely useful model to unravel titin's functions, muscular dystrophy with myositis (mdm), arose spontaneously in mice as a transposon-like LINE repeat insertion that results in a small deletion in the N2A region of titin. This small deletion profoundly affects hypertrophic signaling and muscle mechanics, thereby providing insights into the function of this specific region and the consequences of its dysfunction. The impact of this mutation is profound, affecting diverse aspects of the phenotype including muscle mechanics, developmental hypertrophy, and thermoregulation. In this review, we explore accumulating evidence that points to the N2A region of titin as a dynamic "switch" that is critical for both mechanical and signaling functions in skeletal muscle. Calcium-dependent binding of N2A titin to actin filaments triggers a cascade of changes in titin that affect mechanical properties such as elastic energy storage and return, as well as hypertrophic signaling. The mdm phenotype also points to the existence of as yet unidentified signaling pathways for muscle hypertrophy and thermoregulation, likely involving titin's PEVK region as well as the N2A signalosome.

摘要

自其被发现以来,我们对巨型蛋白titin 的理解已经从最初作为肌节支架的简单认识,迅速扩展到最近对其在活跃肌肉中的关键机械和信号功能的认识。肌营养不良症伴肌炎(mdm)是一种独特的有用模型,可以揭示 titin 的功能,它在小鼠中自发产生,是转座子样 LINE 重复插入的结果,导致 titin 的 N2A 区域发生小缺失。这种小缺失会深刻影响肥大信号和肌肉力学,从而深入了解该特定区域的功能及其功能障碍的后果。这种突变的影响是深远的,影响表型的各个方面,包括肌肉力学、发育性肥大和体温调节。在这篇综述中,我们探讨了越来越多的证据,这些证据表明 titin 的 N2A 区域是一个动态的“开关”,对于骨骼肌肉的机械和信号功能都至关重要。N2A titin 与肌动蛋白丝的钙依赖性结合触发了 titin 的一系列变化,这些变化影响了机械特性,如弹性能量储存和返回,以及肥大信号。mdm 表型还表明存在尚未确定的肌肉肥大和体温调节信号通路,可能涉及 titin 的 PEVK 区域以及 N2A 信号体。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/0199/7312179/631bae657f70/ijms-21-03974-g001.jpg

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