Vreeker Annabel, Brunt Tibor M, Treur Jorien L, Willemsen Gonneke, Boomsma Dorret I, Verweij Karin J H, Vink Jacqueline M
Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Addict Behav. 2020 Sep;108:106421. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106421. Epub 2020 Mar 28.
Ecstasy is one of the most commonly used illicit substances in Western countries. The aim of this study is to identify characteristics of ecstasy users in a large population-based sample of adults aged 18-45 years.
With generalized estimating equation models we explored the association between self-reported lifetime ecstasy use and urbanicity, educational attainment, health, wellbeing, stress, other substance use, personality traits and psychopathology in a Dutch twin sample (N = 9578, 66.8% female, 18-45 years). We also explored the nature of the association (underlying genetic factors, shared environmental factors or a causal relationship) with the co-twin control method.
Lifetime ecstasy users (N = 945, 9.9%) were more often male, younger, living more often in urban areas, higher educated, less satisfied with life and more stressed than non-users. Ecstasy users scored differently on most personality and psychopathology scales compared to non-users and were more likely to have used every other substance we investigated. Whereas smoking tobacco and alcohol use often preceded first use of ecstasy, first ecstasy use often preceded first use of other illicit substances. A combination of scenarios (both causal and environmental/genetic) explained the strong associations between ecstasy and substance use.
Ecstasy users differ on many characteristics from non-users, and especially on illicit substance use. Our results indicate that causal effects may play a role in explaining the relationship between ecstasy use and other illicit substance use.
摇头丸是西方国家最常用的非法药物之一。本研究旨在确定一个基于大量18至45岁成年人的样本中摇头丸使用者的特征。
我们使用广义估计方程模型，在一个荷兰双胞胎样本（N = 9578，66.8%为女性，年龄在18至45岁之间）中，探讨了自我报告的终身摇头丸使用情况与城市化程度、教育程度、健康状况、幸福感、压力、其他药物使用、人格特质和精神病理学之间的关联。我们还使用双胞胎对照方法探讨了这种关联的性质（潜在的遗传因素、共同的环境因素或因果关系）。
终身摇头丸使用者（N = 945，9.9%）比非使用者更常为男性、更年轻，更多居住在城市地区，受教育程度更高，对生活满意度更低且压力更大。与非使用者相比，摇头丸使用者在大多数人格和精神病理学量表上得分不同，并且更有可能使用我们所调查的其他每种药物。虽然吸烟和饮酒往往先于首次使用摇头丸，但首次使用摇头丸往往先于首次使用其他非法药物。多种情况（因果关系以及环境/遗传因素）共同解释了摇头丸与药物使用之间的紧密关联。
摇头丸使用者在许多特征上与非使用者不同，尤其是在非法药物使用方面。我们的结果表明，因果效应可能在解释摇头丸使用与其他非法药物使用之间的关系中起作用。
