Ghamari Amin, Sohrabi Mehdi, Kakhki Alireza Saberi
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran1.
Adv Cogn Psychol. 2019 Mar 31;15(1):21-29. doi: 10.5709/acp-0253-z. eCollection 2019.
Some studies have shown that different coordinate systems in the coding of movement sequences develop during observational and physical practice. According to Newell's (Newell, 1986) constraintsled approach, such contradictions could possibly depend on task characteristics. Accordingly, in the present study, two experiments were designed using a five-segment sequence timing task, in which the instructions on how to perform the sequence were different. The task in the first experiment comprised an alternating shift of fast and slow segments, whereas the second experiment involved an incremental procedure from slow to fast. In these experiments, the intermanual transfer of absolute and relative timing through observational and physical practice was examined. Transfer conditions were such that they required the same motor commands (mirror transfer) or the same visual-spatial coordinates (non-mirror transfer) as those in the practice conditions. The first experiment showed that the transfer to the non-mirror condition for relative timing in the physical group was better than that to the mirror condition, while the transfer was similar for both conditions in the observational group, indicating a different pattern of transfer for relative timing. The relative timing transfer pattern in the second experiment was the same for both experimental groups, such that the physical and observational practice resulted in a similar transfer to both mirror and non-mirror conditions. In both experiments, observational and physical practice participants exhibited similar intramanual transfer of absolute timing under both transfer conditions. Thus, the task itself as a constraint was revealed to be an effective factor influencing the behavioral results derived from physical and observational practice.
一些研究表明，在观察性练习和实际操作过程中，运动序列编码中的不同坐标系会逐渐形成。根据纽厄尔（1986年）的约束导向方法，这种矛盾可能取决于任务特征。因此，在本研究中，设计了两个实验，采用五段序列计时任务，其中关于如何执行序列的指令有所不同。第一个实验中的任务包括快慢段的交替转换，而第二个实验则涉及从慢到快的递增过程。在这些实验中，研究了通过观察性练习和实际操作进行绝对和相对计时的双手间迁移情况。迁移条件要求与练习条件下相同的运动指令（镜像迁移）或相同的视觉空间坐标（非镜像迁移）。第一个实验表明，实际操作组中相对计时向非镜像条件的迁移优于向镜像条件的迁移，而观察组中两种条件下的迁移相似，这表明相对计时的迁移模式不同。第二个实验中两个实验组的相对计时迁移模式相同，即实际操作和观察性练习在向镜像和非镜像条件的迁移上都相似。在两个实验中，观察性练习和实际操作的参与者在两种迁移条件下绝对计时的单手内迁移都相似。因此，任务本身作为一种约束被证明是影响实际操作和观察性练习行为结果的一个有效因素。
