Tabibnia Golnaz
Golnaz Tabibnia Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020 Aug;115:321-350. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.005. Epub 2020 Jun 6.
Although research has identified dozens of behavioral and psychosocial strategies for boosting resilience in adults, little is known about the common underlying pathways. A comprehensive review of these strategies using an affective neuroscience approach indicates three distinct general routes to resilience: 1) down-regulating the negative (e.g., exposure, cognitive reappraisal) by reducing distress-related responses of the amygdala, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and autonomic nervous system; 2) up-regulating the positive (e.g., optimism, social connectedness) by activating mesostriatal reward pathways, which in turn can buffer the effects of stress; and 3) transcending the self (e.g., mindfulness, religious engagement) by reducing activation in the default mode network, a network associated with self-reflection, mind-wandering, and rumination. Some strategies (e.g., social support) can boost resilience via more than one pathway. Under- or over-stimulation of a pathway can result in vulnerability, such as over-stimulation of the reward pathway through substance abuse. This tripartite model of resilience-building is testable, accounts for a large body of data on adult resilience, and makes new predictions with implications for practice.
尽管研究已经确定了数十种增强成年人复原力的行为和心理社会策略，但对于其共同的潜在途径却知之甚少。使用情感神经科学方法对这些策略进行的全面综述表明，增强复原力有三种不同的一般途径：1）通过减少杏仁核、下丘脑 - 垂体 - 肾上腺轴和自主神经系统与痛苦相关的反应来下调负面因素（例如，暴露、认知重新评估）；2）通过激活中脑纹状体奖赏通路来上调正面因素（例如，乐观、社会联系），这反过来又可以缓冲压力的影响；3）通过减少默认模式网络（与自我反思、走神和沉思相关的网络）的激活来超越自我（例如，正念、宗教参与）。一些策略（例如，社会支持）可以通过不止一种途径增强复原力。对某一途径的刺激不足或过度都可能导致易感性，例如通过药物滥用过度刺激奖赏途径。这种增强复原力的三方模型是可测试的，解释了大量关于成年人复原力的数据，并做出了对实践有影响的新预测。
