Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
Mamm Genome. 2020 Jun;31(5-6):146-156. doi: 10.1007/s00335-020-09841-5. Epub 2020 Jun 11.
Thought to be directly and uniquely dependent from genotypes, the ontogeny of individual phenotypes is much more complicated. Individual genetics, environmental exposures, and their interaction are the three main determinants of individual's phenotype. This picture has been further complicated a decade ago when the Lamarckian theory of acquired inheritance has been rekindled with the discovery of epigenetic inheritance, according to which acquired phenotypes can be transmitted through fertilization and affect phenotypes across generations. The results of Genome-Wide Association Studies have also highlighted a big degree of missing heritability in genetics and have provided hints that not only acquired phenotypes, but also individual's genotypes affect phenotypes intergenerationally through indirect genetic effects. Here, we review available examples of indirect genetic effects in mammals, what is known of the underlying molecular mechanisms and their potential impact for our understanding of missing heritability, phenotypic variation. and individual disease risk.
被认为直接且独特地依赖于基因型，个体表型的发生要复杂得多。个体遗传学、环境暴露及其相互作用是决定个体表型的三个主要因素。大约十年前，当获得性遗传的拉马克理论随着表观遗传的发现而重新燃起时，这种情况变得更加复杂，根据这一理论，获得性表型可以通过受精传递，并影响跨代的表型。全基因组关联研究的结果也突出了遗传学中很大程度的遗传缺失，并提供了暗示，不仅获得性表型，而且个体的基因型也通过间接遗传效应在代际间影响表型。在这里，我们回顾了哺乳动物中间接遗传效应的现有例子，以及对其潜在分子机制及其对我们理解遗传缺失、表型变异和个体疾病风险的认识。
