Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Nov;28(42):59131-59140. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-09540-3. Epub 2020 Jun 11.
Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment and an important part of atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) and brown carbon. They are ecotoxic and with underresearched toxic potential for humans. NMAHs were determined in size-segregated ambient particulate matter collected at two urban sites in central Europe, Ostrava and Kladno, Czech Republic. The average sums of 12 NMAHs (ΣNMAH) measured in winter PM samples from Ostrava and Kladno were 102 and 93 ng m, respectively, and 8.8 ng m in summer PM samples from Ostrava. The concentrations in winter corresponded to 6.3-7.3% and 2.6-3.1% of HULIS-C and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), respectively. Nitrocatechols represented 67-93%, 61-73% and 28-96% of NMAHs in PM samples collected in winter and summer at Ostrava and in winter at Kladno, respectively. The mass size distribution of the targeted substance classes peaked in the submicrometre size fractions (PM), often in the PM size fraction especially in summer. The bioaccessible fraction of NMAHs was determined by leaching PM samples in two simulated lung fluids, Gamble's solution and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF). More than half of NMAH mass is found bioaccessible, almost complete for nitrosalicylic acids. The bioaccessible fraction was generally higher when using ALF (mimics the chemical environment created by macrophage activity, pH 4.5) than Gamble's solution (pH 7.4). Bioaccessibility may be negligible for lipophilic substances (i.e. log K > 4.5).
硝代单芳烃（NMAHs）在环境中普遍存在，是大气腐殖质样物质（HULIS）和棕色碳的重要组成部分。它们具有生态毒性，对人类的毒性潜力尚未得到充分研究。本研究在捷克共和国的两个城市（奥斯特拉瓦和克拉德诺）的城市环境中，对大气颗粒物进行了粒径分级采集，并对采集的大气颗粒物进行了硝代单芳烃的分析。奥斯特拉瓦和克拉德诺冬季 PM 样品中 12 种硝代单芳烃（ΣNMAH）的平均总和分别为 102 和 93ng/m3，夏季奥斯特拉瓦 PM 样品中为 8.8ng/m3。冬季浓度分别相当于 HULIS-C 和水溶性有机碳（WSOC）的 6.3-7.3%和 2.6-3.1%。冬季奥斯特拉瓦和克拉德诺采集的 PM 样品中，硝代邻苯二酚分别占 NMAHs 的 67-93%、61-73%和 28-96%。目标物质类别的质量粒径分布在亚微米级（PM）达到峰值，特别是在夏季，通常在 PM 粒径范围内达到峰值。采用两种模拟肺液（甘贝尔溶液和人工溶酶体液（ALF））对 PM 样品中硝代芳烃的生物可萃取性进行了测定。超过一半的 NMAH 质量是可萃取的，硝水杨酸几乎完全可萃取。使用 ALF（模拟巨噬细胞活性产生的化学环境，pH4.5）时，生物可萃取性通常高于 Gamble 溶液（pH7.4）。对于亲脂性物质（即 log K > 4.5），生物可萃取性可能可以忽略不计。
