Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht - Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck-Straße 1, D-21502, Geesthacht, Germany; Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht - Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck-Straße 1, D-21502, Geesthacht, Germany; Technische Hochschule Lübeck, Department of Applied Natural Sciences, Mönkhofer Weg 239, D-23562, Lübeck, Germany.
Chemosphere. 2020 Oct;257:127182. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127182. Epub 2020 May 28.
The impact of offshore constructions on the marine environment is unknown in many aspects. The application of Al- and Zn-based galvanic anodes as corrosion protection results in the continuous emission of inorganic matter (e.g. >80 kg Al-anode material per monopile foundation and year) into the marine environment. To identify tracers for emissions from offshore wind structures, anode materials (Al-based and Zn-based) were characterized for their elemental and isotopic composition. An acid digestion and analysis method for Al and Zn alloys was adapted and validated using the alloy CRMs ERM®-EB317 (AlZn6CuMgZr) and ERM®-EB602 (ZnAl4Cu1). Digests were measured for their elemental composition by ICP-MS/MS and for their Pb isotope ratios by MC ICP-MS. Ga and In were identified as potential tracers. Moreover, a combined tracer approach of the elements Al, Zn, Ga, Cd, In and Pb together with Pb isotope ratios is suggested for a reliable identification of offshore-wind-farm-induced emissions. In the Al anodes, the mass fractions were found to be >94.4% of Al, >26200 mg kg of Zn, >78.5 mg kg of Ga, >0.255 mg kg of Cd, >143 mg kg of In and >6.7 mg kg of Pb. The Zn anodes showed mass fractions of >2160 mg kg of Al, >94.5% of Zn, >1.31 mg kg of Ga, >254 mg kg of Cd, >0.019 mg kg of In and >14.1 mg kg of Pb. The n(Pb)/n(Pb) isotope ratios in Al anodes range from 2.0619 to 2.0723, whereas Zn anodes feature n(Pb)/n(Pb) isotope ratios ranging from 2.0927 to 2.1263.
海上构筑物对海洋环境的影响在许多方面尚不清楚。应用铝和锌基牺牲阳极作为腐蚀防护会导致无机物（例如，每根单桩基础和年 80 公斤以上的铝阳极材料）不断排放到海洋环境中。为了确定海上风力结构排放物的示踪剂，对阳极材料（铝基和锌基）进行了元素和同位素组成的特征描述。采用酸消解和分析方法对 Al 和 Zn 合金进行了测定，并使用合金 CRM ERM®-EB317（AlZn6CuMgZr）和 ERM®-EB602（ZnAl4Cu1）进行了验证。通过 ICP-MS/MS 对消解物进行了元素组成的测量，并通过 MC ICP-MS 对 Pb 同位素比值进行了测量。Ga 和 In 被确定为潜在示踪剂。此外，建议采用 Al、Zn、Ga、Cd、In 和 Pb 元素以及 Pb 同位素比值的组合示踪剂方法，以可靠识别海上风电场引起的排放物。在铝阳极中，质量分数被发现为 Al 超过 94.4%，Zn 超过 26200mg/kg，Ga 超过 78.5mg/kg，Cd 超过 0.255mg/kg，In 超过 143mg/kg，Pb 超过 6.7mg/kg。锌阳极的质量分数为 Al 超过 2160mg/kg，Zn 超过 94.5%，Ga 超过 1.31mg/kg，Cd 超过 254mg/kg，In 超过 0.019mg/kg，Pb 超过 14.1mg/kg。铝阳极中的 n(Pb)/n(Pb)同位素比值范围为 2.0619 至 2.0723，而锌阳极的 n(Pb)/n(Pb)同位素比值范围为 2.0927 至 2.1263。
