van der Zant Hinne F, Pillet Anne-Caroline, Schaap Anton, Stark Simon J, de Weijer Timothy A, Cahyaningwidi Aida A, Lehner Benjamin A E
Heliyon. 2024 Feb 28;10(5):e26788. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26788. eCollection 2024 Mar 15.
To mitigate the effects of climate change, a significant percentage of future energy generation is set to come from renewable energy sources. This has led to a substantial increase of installed offshore wind in the North Sea in the last years (28 GW in 2021) and is projected to further accelerate to an installed capacity of 212 GW by 2050. Increasing the renewable energy grid penetration brings challenges, including 1) limitations in space availability and 2) the reliability of renewable energy systems in terms of grid balancing. In the North Sea, maritime space is getting scarce and the projected upscaling of offshore wind is putting pressure on the chemical-, biological, and physical balance of the marine ecosystem. Without economically viable large-scale storage systems, a renewable energy system focused on one intermittent source does not provide reliable baseload- and energy demand compliance. By integrating different supplementary offshore renewable energy sources into multi-source parks output becomes smoother, while the energy yield per area increases. Despite multiple studies stating the benefits of multi-source energy parks of either wind and wave energy or wind and PV energy, no study has been conducted on the co-location of all three offshore renewables. This study combines and analyzes the three offshore renewable energy sources: wave-, offshore PV- and wind energy in the example of Ten Noorden van de Waddeneilanden, a future wind farm north of the Dutch Wadden Islands. The additional renewables are allocated within the wind turbine spacing, taking into account safety zones and maintenance corridors. Co-location of these renewables increases the extracted energy density by 22%, making more efficient use of the limited available marine space. Moreover, the park output becomes smoother as the yearly-averaged coefficient of variation decreases by 13%, the capacity factor with respect to the export cable increases by 19%, and the hours where the output of the park is below 20% of the export cable capacity decreases by 86.5%.
为减轻气候变化的影响，未来很大一部分能源生产将来自可再生能源。这导致近年来北海海上风电装机量大幅增加（2021年为28吉瓦），预计到2050年将进一步加速至212吉瓦的装机容量。提高可再生能源在电网中的渗透率带来了挑战，包括1）空间可用性的限制，以及2）可再生能源系统在电网平衡方面的可靠性。在北海，海洋空间日益稀缺，预计海上风电的扩大规模给海洋生态系统的化学、生物和物理平衡带来压力。如果没有经济上可行的大规模存储系统，专注于一种间歇性能源的可再生能源系统就无法提供可靠的基本负荷并满足能源需求。通过将不同的补充性海上可再生能源整合到多源园区，输出会变得更平稳，同时单位面积的能源产量会增加。尽管多项研究表明了风能与波浪能或风能与光伏能的多源能源园区的好处，但尚未有关于这三种海上可再生能源共址的研究。本研究以荷兰瓦登群岛以北一个未来的风电场Ten Noorden van de Waddeneilanden为例，对波浪能、海上光伏能和风能这三种海上可再生能源进行了综合分析。在考虑安全区和维护通道的情况下，将额外的可再生能源分配在风力涡轮机的间距内。这些可再生能源的共址使提取的能量密度提高了22%，更有效地利用了有限的可用海洋空间。此外，园区输出变得更平稳，年平均变化系数降低了13%，相对于出口电缆的容量系数提高了19%，园区输出低于出口电缆容量20%的小时数减少了86.5%。
