Colombo John, Gustafson Kathleen M, Carlson Susan E
Department of Psychology and Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA,
Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
Ann Nutr Metab. 2019;75 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):34-42. doi: 10.1159/000508053. Epub 2020 Jun 18.
Critical or sensitive periods in the life of an organism during which certain experiences or conditions may exert disproportionate influence (either for harm or benefit) on long-term developmental outcomes have been the subject of investigation for over a century. This chapter reviews research in the context of the development of social preferences and sensory systems, with a summary of the criteria for defining such a period and the evidence necessary to establish its existence. The notion of nutritional programming, central to the Barker/Developmental Origins hypotheses of health and disease, represents a variant of the critical/sensitive period concept. It is implicit in these hypotheses that the fetal period is a time during which metabolic and physiological systems are malleable and thus susceptible to either insult or enhancement by nutrient intake. Evidence for critical/sensitive periods or nutritional programming requires a systematic manipulation of the age at which nutritional conditions or supplements are implemented. While common in research using animal models, the approach is difficult to establish in epidemiological studies and virtually nonexistent in human clinical trials. Future work seeking to establish definitive evidence for critical/sensitive periods or programming may be advanced by harmonized outcome measures in experimental trials across which the timing, duration, and dose of nutrients is varied.
一个生物体生命中的关键期或敏感期，在此期间某些经历或条件可能对长期发育结果产生不成比例的影响（无论是有害还是有益），这一主题已经被研究了一个多世纪。本章回顾了在社会偏好和感觉系统发展背景下的研究，总结了定义此类时期的标准以及确立其存在所需的证据。营养编程的概念是巴克/健康与疾病发育起源假说的核心，它代表了关键/敏感期概念的一种变体。这些假说中隐含的观点是，胎儿期是代谢和生理系统具有可塑性的时期，因此容易受到营养摄入的损害或增强。关键/敏感期或营养编程的证据需要对实施营养条件或补充剂的年龄进行系统的操纵。虽然在使用动物模型的研究中很常见，但这种方法在流行病学研究中很难确立，在人类临床试验中几乎不存在。未来旨在为关键/敏感期或编程建立确凿证据的工作，可能会通过在营养素的时间、持续时间和剂量各不相同的实验试验中采用统一的结果测量方法而取得进展。
