CuO nanoparticles sensitize TiO/CdS nanowire arrays to prolong charge carrier lifetime and highly enhance unassisted photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation with 4.3% efficiency.

Effective separation of charge carriers and substantial prolongation of charge carrier lifetime are two vital issues for a photoanode to achieve highly efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen generation. Herein, a CuO-nanoparticle-sensitized TiO/CdS (TiO/CdS/CuO) nanowire array photoanode is fabricated via subtly combining successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction with a chemical bath deposition method. Both the type-II band alignment with a stair-like structure and a p-n junction are integrated into this ternary photoanode. The fabricated photoanode shows a significant enhancement in the PEC H production with 4.3% efficiency. The measurements of light absorption, photoluminescence and electrochemical spectra undoubtedly demonstrate that the enhanced PEC H generation is ascribed to the remarkable enhancement of visible-light absorbing ability, efficient space charge separation and substantial prolongation of charge carrier lifetime, which are achieved by the synergetic effects of the type-II band alignment with a stair-like structure and the p-n junction. The enhanced PEC H generation demonstrates the potential of the TiO/CdS/CuO nanowire arrays as a photoanode to efficiently convert solar energy into chemical fuels.