Kamali Mohadese, Tajadini Haleh, Mehrabani Mehrzad, Moghadari Masoud
Neurosciences Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology AND Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Addict Health. 2020 Jan;12(1):46-57. doi: 10.22122/ahj.v12i1.250.
Drug addiction is a major health problem for modern human communities. The earliest historical evidence of opium use can be found in the writings of Theophrastus in the 3 century BC. Since then, opium use and abuse has spread to all corners of the world, specifically the Eastern countries. This study aimed to investigate the consequences of opium use and their treatments according to Persian medicine.
In this narrative review, primary sources of Persian medicine and modern medicine databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, PsycINFO, the American Academy of Medical Sciences, and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) were searched with relevant keywords.
In Persian medicine, the Persian equivalent of the word "Opium" is "Afioon", which refers to the sap of "Khashkhaash" or Papaver somniferum, traditionally used as a recreational drug as well as a sedative. Opioid use can cause social and psychological anxiety, muscle and tissue degradation, irritability, stomach weakness, loss of skin softness, and change in facial features.
Opium addiction is generally harmful to the body's faculties. The repeated use of opium, disregarding circumstances and dosage of use and without the simultaneous use of its modifiers, can harm the entire body and even lead to fatality.
药物成瘾是现代人类社会的一个主要健康问题。鸦片使用的最早历史证据可在公元前3世纪泰奥弗拉斯托斯的著作中找到。从那时起，鸦片的使用和滥用已蔓延到世界各地，特别是东方国家。本研究旨在根据波斯医学调查鸦片使用的后果及其治疗方法。
在本叙述性综述中，使用相关关键词搜索了波斯医学的主要资料来源以及PubMed、谷歌学术、PsycINFO、美国医学科学院和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室（UNODC）的现代医学数据库。
在波斯医学中，表示“鸦片”的波斯语单词是“Afioon”，它指的是“Khashkhaash”或罂粟的汁液，传统上用作消遣性药物和镇静剂。使用阿片类药物会导致社交和心理焦虑、肌肉和组织退化、易怒、胃虚弱、皮肤柔软度丧失以及面部特征改变。
鸦片成瘾通常对身体机能有害。不顾使用情况和剂量且不同时使用其调节剂而反复使用鸦片，会损害整个身体，甚至导致死亡。
