Department of Biology, Aveiro University, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Department of Biology, Aveiro University, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2020 Nov;237:108835. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108835. Epub 2020 Jun 22.
Pharmaceuticals are a large and diverse group of compounds used to treat, prevent and diagnose disease. Among these, a group that has been recently detected in the aquatic environment is that of the azole compounds, commonly used as antifungals. Clotrimazole (CLO) is a nonbiodegradable persistent azole compound, with broad-spectrum antifungal activity for which virtually no toxicological data are available, especially towards aquatic plants. The few existent data point to a documented interference with cytochrome P450 system of exposed organisms. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of the fungicide CLO on two aquatic macrophyte species, namely, Lemna minor and Lemna gibba. To attain this purpose, an acute assay (96 h) was performed with both species being exposed to CLO, in a concentration range of 0 to 5 μg L. The analyzed endpoints were levels of chlorophyll a and b, total, carotenoids, catalase (CAT) and glutathione -s-transferases activities (GSTs). In general, CLO exposure caused some minor alterations in L. minor and L. gibba pigment contents. Antioxidant enzymes exhibited a different pattern in both species, since the highest concentrations of CLO caused an increase on CAT activity, and a decrease on GSTs activity in L. minor, and the opposite in L. gibba, reflected by a decrease on CAT activity and an increase on GSTs activity in all tested concentrations. These results demonstrate that CLO exposure resulted in potential deleterious effects on macrophytes, namely with the involvement of the antioxidant defense mechanisms that were likely deployed to cope with pro-oxidative conditions established by CLO.
药品是一大类用于治疗、预防和诊断疾病的化合物。其中，一类最近在水生环境中被发现的化合物是唑类化合物，通常用作抗真菌药物。克霉唑（CLO）是一种不可生物降解的持久性唑类化合物，具有广谱抗真菌活性，但几乎没有可用的毒理学数据，特别是对水生植物。现有的少数数据表明，它会干扰暴露生物的细胞色素 P450 系统。因此，本文旨在评估杀菌剂 CLO 对两种水生大型植物（浮萍和槐叶萍）的生态毒理学影响。为达到这一目的，采用浮萍和槐叶萍进行了急性测定（96 小时），暴露于 CLO 的浓度范围为 0 至 5μg/L。分析的终点是叶绿素 a 和 b、总、类胡萝卜素、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GSTs）的水平。一般来说，CLO 暴露会导致浮萍和槐叶萍的色素含量出现一些微小变化。抗氧化酶在两种植物中的表现模式不同，因为 CLO 的最高浓度会导致 CAT 活性增加，而 GSTs 活性降低，在浮萍中，而在槐叶萍中则相反，所有测试浓度下的 CAT 活性降低，GSTs 活性增加。这些结果表明，CLO 暴露对大型植物可能产生有害影响，这可能涉及到抗氧化防御机制，这些机制可能是为了应对 CLO 引起的氧化应激条件而被激活的。
