Department of Biology, Aveiro University, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Department of Biology, Aveiro University, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Mar 20;657:926-937. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.002. Epub 2018 Dec 2.
In the last years the environmental presence of pharmaceuticals has gained increasing attention. Research data show that these compounds can cause toxicological effects in different species of fish, mollusks and macroinvertebrates. However, the literature is scarce in terms of ecotoxicity data especially focusing on plants as test organisms. Ecotoxicological plant-based tests following the standard OEDC guideline 221 (OECD, 2006) are strongly restricted due to the recommended end-points: growth and yield of plants. It is necessary to develop and validate alternative macrophyte-based tests (non-standard endpoints), more sensible and providing additional information about the chemical contamination effects in plants. To attain this purpose, species from the Lemna genus were selected. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the toxic effects of pharmaceuticals in non-standard endpoints on two macrophyte species, Lemna minor and Lemna gibba. To this purpose an acute assay (96 h) was performed with L. minor and L. gibba exposed to chlorpromazine (CPZ), paracetamol (APAP), and diclofenac (DCF), in the following concentration ranges: 0 to 20 μg/L, 0 to 125 μg/L, and 0 to 100 μg/L, respectively. The analyzed endpoints were: levels of chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins; chlorophyll fluorescence; and catalase activity. In general, higher concentrations of the tested pharmaceuticals caused significant effects on both Lemna species in terms of the different endpoints analyzed. In conclusion, acute exposures to CPZ, APAP, and DCF differently affected the defensive system of the tested species; among chlorophylls, chlorophyll b content was more affected, but pharmaceutical exposure was not able to cause alterations on chlorophyll fluorescence.
在过去的几年中，药品的环境存在引起了越来越多的关注。研究数据表明，这些化合物会对不同种类的鱼类、贝类和大型无脊椎动物产生毒理学影响。然而，关于植物作为测试生物的生态毒性数据，文献却很少。根据标准 OECD 指南 221（OECD，2006）进行的基于植物的生态毒性测试受到强烈限制，因为推荐的终点是：植物的生长和产量。因此，有必要开发和验证替代的基于大型水生植物的测试（非标准终点），这些测试更敏感，并提供有关化学污染物对植物影响的更多信息。为了达到这个目的，选择了来自浮萍属的物种。因此，本研究的目的是分析两种大型水生植物，浮萍和浮萍，在非标准终点受到的药物毒性影响。为此，对浮萍和浮萍进行了急性测定（96 小时），用氯丙嗪（CPZ）、扑热息痛（APAP）和双氯芬酸（DCF）暴露，浓度范围分别为：0 至 20μg/L、0 至 125μg/L 和 0 至 100μg/L。分析的终点是：叶绿素 a 和 b 的水平、总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青素；叶绿素荧光；和过氧化氢酶活性。总的来说，测试药物的较高浓度对两种浮萍物种的不同分析终点都产生了显著影响。总之，CPZ、APAP 和 DCF 的急性暴露对测试物种的防御系统产生了不同的影响；在叶绿素中，叶绿素 b 的含量受影响更大，但药物暴露不能引起叶绿素荧光的改变。
