College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
J Hazard Mater. 2020 Dec 5;400:123228. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123228. Epub 2020 Jun 17.
Microplastics (MPs, plastic particles < 5 mm) are an ever-increasing global issue due to their widespread occurrence in the environment and negative effects on organisms. Currently, more than 96 % of MPs studies are related to marine systems. However, the majority of marine MPs pollution has been confirmed to originate from land-based sources, evidence of MPs in the terrestrial system cannot be overlooked. In this manuscript, up-to-date knowledge regarding the sources and occurrence of MPs from the terrestrial system is comprehensively reviewed. According to the different studies both in China and abroad, microfibers derived from textile washing attributed approximately 35 % of the MPs identified in the aquatic system. Additionally, personal care and cosmetic products, tires, agricultural plastic films, artificial turfs and road paints, landfill, littering, packaging and construction industry can also release MPs to the environment. The aquatic system plays an important role in MPs transport. By using a one-way ANOVA test, polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) accounted for significantly higher percentages than other polymer compositions in surface water. Polyamide (PA) and PP accounted for the majority of polymers in soils. PP, PE, and polystyrene (PS) presented an overwhelming proportion in sediment. Atmospheric deposition presents a new vehicle for entering into the wider environment. More research is urgently required on the topic of exposure risk of atmospheric MPs via inhalation. Morphological characteristics including shapes, sizes, and colors have been discussed among waters, soils, sediments and airborne. These source-occurrence implications continuum summaries can bring us new insights that we cannot underestimate the severity of MPs from land-based sources and should pay more attention to MPs contamination in the terrestrial ecosystem.
微塑料（MPs，粒径<5mm 的塑料颗粒）是一个日益严重的全球性问题，因为它们广泛存在于环境中，并对生物产生负面影响。目前，超过 96%的 MPs 研究都与海洋系统有关。然而，大多数海洋 MPs 污染已被证实来源于陆源，陆地系统中 MPs 的证据不容忽视。在本手稿中，全面回顾了有关陆地系统中 MPs 的来源和存在的最新知识。根据国内外的不同研究，纺织物洗涤产生的微纤维约占水生系统中鉴定出的 MPs 的 35%。此外，个人护理和化妆品、轮胎、农用塑料薄膜、人造草皮和道路涂料、垃圾填埋场、乱扔垃圾、包装和建筑行业也会将 MPs 释放到环境中。水生系统在 MPs 的传输中起着重要作用。通过使用单向方差分析测试，聚丙烯（PP）和聚乙烯（PE）在地表水的聚合物组成中占比明显更高。聚酰胺（PA）和 PP 占土壤中聚合物的大部分。PP、PE 和聚苯乙烯（PS）在沉积物中占主导地位。大气沉降为进入更广泛环境提供了一种新的载体。需要对大气 MPs 通过吸入进入更广泛环境的暴露风险进行更多研究。形态特征包括形状、大小和颜色，已在水体、土壤、沉积物和气载物中进行了讨论。这些源-分布连续体总结可以为我们带来新的认识，即我们不能低估陆源 MPs 的严重程度，应该更加关注陆地生态系统中的 MPs 污染。
